Afforestation of savannah with cocoa agroforestry systems: a small-farmer innovation in central Cameroon

Jagoret, Patrick; Michel-Dounias, Isabelle; Snoeck, Didier; Ngnogue, Hervé Todem; Malézieux, Éric

doi:10.1007/s10457-012-9513-9

Cited by 86 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This was the case in the Bokito zone where the relative basal area of fruit trees was significantly higher than in the Ngomedzap forest zone for a significantly lower unproductive adult cocoa tree rate (Table 1B). In this forestsavannah transition zone, Jagoret et al (2012) showed that not only cocoa agroforestry systems were dominated by fruit NbPods number of pods/cocoa tree, KKODens cocoa tree density, KKOUnp unproductive adult cocoa trees, KKOBA mean basal area/cocoa tree, KKOHei mean cocoa tree height, KKOrelBA relative basal area of the cocoa stand, KKOAge mean cocoa tree age, TREDens associated tree density, TRESpe number of species associated with cocoa trees, FRrelBA relative basal area of fruit trees tree species, but also that their long-term management by farmers, as was the case with forest tree species, was geared towards reducing interspecific competition via the elimination of excess individuals. In young cocoa stands, however, trees associated with cocoa trees were voluntarily planted at high density to quickly obtain dense ground cover to hamper weed growth, and provide suitable shade for the cocoa trees.…”

Section: Factors That Limit Yield and Yield Componentsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Third, assessing the specific yield of a given species in a multispecies system is hard because it involves taking explicitly into account the other cultivated species in the system, their place, and role . This is particularly the case in central Cameroon where most of the cocoa orchard is agroforestry based (Sonwa et al 2007;Jagoret et al 2011Jagoret et al , 2012 (Fig. 1) and presents a great intra-plot cocoa yield variation (Jagoret et al 2008), while factors cannot be accurately determined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural characteristics determine productivity in complex cocoa agroforestry systems

Jagoret

Michel

Ngnogue

et al. 2017

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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In order to cope with current challenges facing world cocoa production and the obvious lack of sustainability of the intensive model proposed to farmers, more ecologically efficient cocoa cropping systems must be developed, based in particular on a higher cultivated biodiversity level. The performances of cocoa multispecies systems, which involve multiple and hard to quantify interactions, are, however, more complicated to assess than that of monospecies systems. Despite this hurdle, we carried out a study in 48 cocoa agroforests located in three zones in central Cameroon where we conducted an analysis of cocoa yield components and agroforestry system structural characteristics that are likely responsible for observed yield variations. For the first time, we adapted the regional agronomic diagnosis method to demonstrate that the basal area per cocoa tree (mean 61.6 cm 2 ) and the unproductive adult cocoa tree rate (mean 21%) are key factors when assessing the productive performance of the surveyed systems whose average cocoa yield was 737 kg ha −1. From a methodological standpoint, the assessment approach we set up succeeded to overcome the specific obstacles linked with the features of agroforestry systems, especially their complexity (number of species and heterogeneity), by (i) determining relevant indicators and easily measurable variables, (ii) considering the associated tree communities as an environmental component, and (iii) analyzing interactions between cocoa stands and associated tree communities. From an operational standpoint, we showed that farmers can intervene on the structural characteristics of their cocoa agroforests to improve cocoa yields, in particular by eliminating unproductive cocoa trees whose basal area is less than 19 cm 2 to enable the other ones to grow.

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Section: Factors That Limit Yield and Yield Componentsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural characteristics determine productivity in complex cocoa agroforestry systems

Jagoret

Michel

Ngnogue

et al. 2017

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

Self Cite

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“…Unfortunately, cocoa landscapes are often associated with a range of ecological changes including deforestation, biodiversity loss, destruction of soil flora and fauna from pesticide usage, and accelerated soil degradation (Critchley and Bruijnzeel, 1996;Salami, 1998Salami, , 2001Rice and Greenberg, 2000;Asare, 2005;Ntiamoah and Afrane, 2008;Mbile et al, 2009;Adeoye and Ayeni, 2011;Jagoret et al, 2012;Akinyemi, 2013;Schoneveld, 2014;Sonwa et al, 2014;Tondoh et al, 2015). Until present, soil degradation assessments on a plot scale in regions undergoing farmland conversion to cocoa agroecosystems have been limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a composite soil degradation assessment index for cocoa agroecosystems in southwestern Nigeria

2017

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Abstract. Cocoa agroecosystems are a major land-use type in the tropical rainforest belt of West Africa, reportedly associated with several ecological changes, including soil degradation. This study aims to develop a composite soil degradation assessment index (CSDI) for determining the degradation level of cocoa soils under smallholder agroecosystems of southwestern Nigeria. Plots where natural forests have been converted to cocoa agroecosystems of ages 1-10, 11-40, and 41-80 years, respectively representing young cocoa plantations (YCPs), mature cocoa plantations (MCPs), and senescent cocoa plantations (SCPs), were identified to represent the biological cycle of the cocoa tree. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 to 20 cm in each plot and analysed in terms of their physical, chemical, and biological properties. Factor analysis of soil data revealed four major interacting soil degradation processes: decline in soil nutrients, loss of soil organic matter, increase in soil acidity, and the breakdown of soil textural characteristics over time. These processes were represented by eight soil properties (extractable zinc, silt, soil organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), available phosphorus, total porosity, pH, and clay content). These soil properties were subjected to forward stepwise discriminant analysis (STEPDA), and the result showed that four soil properties (extractable zinc, cation exchange capacity, SOM, and clay content) are the most useful in separating the studied soils into YCP, MCP, and SCP. In this way, we have sufficiently eliminated redundancy in the final selection of soil degradation indicators. Based on these four soil parameters, a CSDI was developed and used to classify selected cocoa soils into three different classes of degradation. The results revealed that 65 % of the selected cocoa farms are moderately degraded, while 18 % have a high degradation status. The numerical value of the CSDI as an objective index of soil degradation under cocoa agroecosystems was statistically validated. The results of this study reveal that soil management should promote activities that help to increase organic matter and reduce Zn deficiency over the cocoa growth cycle. Finally, the newly developed CSDI can provide an early warning of soil degradation processes and help farmers and extension officers to implement rehabilitation practices on degraded cocoa soils.

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“…Pengelolaan hutan yang baik mampu memberikan manfaat (sosial, ekonomi, dan sosial) yang lebih baik kepada petani. Penelitian Jagoret et al, (2012) di Kamerun Tengah menunjukkan bahwa petani menerapkan inovasi agroforestri dalam kegiatan penghijauan. Hutan savana yang didominasi oleh alang-alang diubah menjadi kebun kakao yang dipadukan dengan tanaman kehutanan.…”

Section: Hubungan Karakteristik Petani Dengan Persepsi Petani Tentangunclassified

Persepsi Petani terhadap Hutan Rakyat Pola Agroforestri di Kabupaten Wonogiri, Provinsi Jawa Tengah

Hudiyani¹,

Purnaningsih²,

Asngari³

et al. 2017

Jupen

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PendahuluanUndang-Undang nomor 41 tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan menyebutkan "hutan adalah suatu kesatuan ekosistem berupa hamparan lahan berisi sumberdaya alam hayati yang didominasi pepohonan dalam persekutuan alam lingkungannya, yang satu dengan lainnya tidak dapat dipisahkan." Hutan berdasarkan statusnya dibagi menjadi hutan negara dan hutan hak. Hutan negara adalah hutan yang berada pada tanah negara, sedangkan hutan hak adalah hutan yang berada di tanah/lahan milik.Undang-Undang ini menyebutkan bahwa hutan rakyat merupakan hutan hak, tetapi banyak ahli yang berpendapat bahwa hutan rakyat adalah hutan yang dikelola oleh masyarakat, baik yang berada di lahan negara maupun lahan milik. the data were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively, and a Rank Spearmen Correlation Test was used to test the hypotheses already formulated. The research results showed that (1) the perception of farmers was of high level, (2) the perception was closely related to formal education, non formal education, and family's size. Keywords: perception, community forests, agroforestry patterns, farmer's characteristics AbstrakKeberhasilan pembangunan hutan rakyat pola agroforestri di Kabupaten Wonogiri tidak terlepas dari persepsi petani mengenai hutan rakyat pola agroforestri. Persepsi individu terhadap lingkungannya merupakan faktor penting dan sangat menentukan tindakan yang dilakukannya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji persepsi petani mengenai hutan rakyat pola agroforestri dan menemukan karakteristik petani yang berhubungan dengan persepsi petani tentang hutan rakyat pola agroforestri di Kabupaten Wonogiri. Penelitian dilakukan pada Desember 2015 hingga April 2016 di Kabupaten Wonogiri. Populasi penelitian adalah kepala keluarga/ rumah tangga petani hutan rakyat dengan jumlah 2.431 orang dan pengumpulan data dilakukan kepada 246 petani hutan rakyat. Teknik penentuan sampel dilakukan secara simple random sampling. Data penelitian meliputi data primer dan data sekunder. Selanjutnya data dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif dan untuk menguji hipotesis yang telah dirumuskan digunakan Uji Korelasi Rank Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa petani memiliki persepsi yang tinggi terhadap pengelolaan hutan rakyat pola agroforestri (3,14 Skala Likert) dan manfaat hutan rakyat pola agroforestri (3,09 Skala Likert). Karakteristik petani yang berkorelasi dengan persepsi petani adalah pendidikan formal, pendidikan non formal, dan jumlah tanggungan keluarga.Kata kunci: persepsi petani, hutan rakyat, pola agroforestri, karakteristik petani hutan 1 Korespondensi penulis

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Afforestation of savannah with cocoa agroforestry systems: a small-farmer innovation in central Cameroon

Cited by 86 publications

References 22 publications

Structural characteristics determine productivity in complex cocoa agroforestry systems

Structural characteristics determine productivity in complex cocoa agroforestry systems

Development of a composite soil degradation assessment index for cocoa agroecosystems in southwestern Nigeria

Persepsi Petani terhadap Hutan Rakyat Pola Agroforestri di Kabupaten Wonogiri, Provinsi Jawa Tengah

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