Affinity binding of COVID-19 drug candidates (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine) and serum albumin: Based on photochemistry and molecular docking

Spectroscopic investigation and structural simulation in human serum albumin with hydroxychloroquine/Silybum marianum and a possible potential COVID‐19 drug candidate

“…The negative binding energies exhibited by this mixture can be attributed to the presence of electron-withdrawing groups in the organic mixed drug. [5][6][7][8] The docking energies observed for the HCQ/SM mixture when interacting with SARS-CoV-2 proteases are comparable to those of various reference drugs, including favipiravir and redeliver, as reported in previous studies. [56] However, it is important to note that the docking energy values alone do not conclusively establish the superiority of these mixtures as potential drugs.…”

“…Consequently, these mixtures have emerged as promising candidates for modification or combination with other therapeutics. [5][6][7][8] Silybum marianum, commonly known as milk thistle, contains a standardized extract called silymarin, which is rich in flavonolignans, with silibinin being the primary active component. This combination exhibits various pharmacological effects, particularly in treating conditions such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fatty liver, and nonalcoholic fatty liver.…”

“…The individual molecules are found to be within the hydrogen bonding range of Trp 214 residue subdomains IB, IIA, and IIIA, according to docking experiments. [14] Also, Lan-Yi Hu and collaborators reported the affinity behavior of chloroquine and HCQ with HSA using computer simulation and the multispectral approach of biochemistry [5,15] Several drugs, including remdesivir, favipiravir, dexamethasone, and HCQ, have exhibited therapeutic efficacy in early clinical treatment of patients with COVID-19. These medications have demonstrated the ability to rapidly reduce viral load using various mechanisms.…”

Performance of active suspension control strategy based on road identification

“…By converting the electric pulse into light pulse, gathering and reflecting the laser beam through the reflector and other devices, and transmitting it to the external environment at a certain angle, finally receiving the laser signal sent back by the laser when it meets the obstacle and returning it to the controller through the photoelectric detector, the purpose of detecting the external environment is realized. The current and field components of the photoelectric detector at work are shown in formula (12):…”

“…According to the theory of sliding mode control, when the controlled system satisfies these conditions: 0, 0 SS   , the system enters sliding mode, at this time, according to formula (9), it can be calculated that: (10) where 11 A  , 12 A  is a controllable dual matrix，make…”