“…For example, addiction researchers have found that abstinent drinkers and smokers who commit initial lapses experience feelings of failure and distress (Schiffman, Paty, Gnys, Kassel, & Hickcox, 1996). Similarly, research on the limit violation effect indicates that drinkers who have stringent alcohol restraints tend to experience a great deal of distress following the violation of an alcohol limit (Collins, Lapp, & Izzo, 1994;Muraven, Collins, Morsheimer, Schiffman, & Paty, 2005). In a critical-incident study, Dahl, Honea, and Manchanda (2003) found that about 52% of guiltinducing situations were related to the failure to regulate one's behavior or reach standards one had set for oneself, but these authors did not explore shame.…”