Affected and Subjected: The All-Affected Principle in Transnational Democratic Theory

Food Policies Empowering Democratic and Epistemic Self‐Determination

“…However, an "all-affected" criterion for full participation has several problems, such as the so-called "butterfly effect" of unlimited affectedness, the problem of shifting borders, and so on. 23 For many working in issues of food sovereignty, this tension is resolved through solidarity with others, a situation in which communities support one another's struggles both materially and emotionally, and see the rights and interests of individuals not in the community, as well as other communities and their members, as things which ought to be supported wherever possible, and which act as constraints on any one community's actions. 24 This sense of self-determination found among food sovereignty activists is similar to Carol Gould's concept of democratic self-determination as a mode of organizing common activities, which better fleshes out questions of participatory justice within and between these communities.…”