Affect in Sporting Activities: a Preliminary Validation of the Worcester Affect Scale

Rhoden, Clare; West, Julia

doi:10.2478/v10237-011-0033-8

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(114 reference statements)

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“…Participants rated how they felt "right now" using the Worcester Affect Scale. 26 This consists of two scales: a 10-point Likert scale for positive affect (1= not at all positive; 10 = extremely positive) and a 10-point Likert scale for negative affect (1 = not at all negative; 10 = extremely negative).…”

Section: Measures During Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Complex Interplay Between Determinants of Pacing and Performance During 20-km Cycle Time Trials

Renfree

West²,

Corbett³

et al. 2012

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose: This study examined the determinants of pacing strategy and performance during self-paced maximal exercise. Methods: Eight well-trained cyclists completed two 20-km time trials. Power output, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), positive and negative affect, and iEMG activity of the active musculature were recorded every 0.5 km, confidence in achieving preexercise goals was assessed every 5 km, and blood lactate and pH were measured postexercise. Differences in all parameters were assessed between fastest (FAST) and slowest (SLOW) trials performed. Results: Mean power output was significantly higher during the initial 90% of FAST, but not the final 10%, and blood lactate concentration was significantly higher and pH significantly lower following FAST. Mean iEMG activity was significantly higher throughout SLOW. Rating of perceived exertion was similar throughout both trials, but participants had significantly more positive affect and less negative affect throughout FAST. Participants grew less confident in their ability to achieve their goals throughout SLOW. Conclusions: The results suggest that affect may be the primary psychological regulator of pacing strategy and that higher levels of positivity and lower levels of negativity may have been associated with a more aggressive strategy during FAST. Although the exact mechanisms through which affect acts to influence performance are unclear, it may determine the degree of physiological disruption that can be tolerated, or be reflective of peripheral physiological status in relation to the still to be completed exercise task.

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Section: Measures During Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Complex Interplay Between Determinants of Pacing and Performance During 20-km Cycle Time Trials

Renfree

West²,

Corbett³

et al. 2012

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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“…Mood, which was included as a potential covariate, was measured using a Norwegian translation of the Worcester Affect Scale (Rhoden & West, 2010). Participants were • H1a: Approach motivation will lead to a greater willingness to plan than avoidance motivation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Working for the Best or Bracing for the Worst? Approach and Avoidance Motivation in Planning

Bø

Sjåstad

Norman

2021

Collabra: Psychology

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Even though planning is generally helpful in goal pursuit, people do not always choose to plan. The inclination to plan might depend on whether we focus on what we seek to approach or what we seek to avoid. In two pre-registered experiments, we tested the relative effect of approach versus avoidance motivation on willingness to plan (total N=1349). With outcome framing as the experimental manipulation, participants were randomly assigned to either an approach or an avoidance condition, and then indicated their willingness to plan their study activities before an upcoming exam. Contrary to predictions, the results showed no significant difference in willingness to plan depending on condition in either experiment. There was mixed support for the importance of anticipated affect and perceived distance as process mechanisms: While Experiment 1 showed that participants who experienced the day of the exam as closer in time were more willing to plan their study preparations (regardless of condition), we found no mediational effects through perceived distance or anticipated affect. In Experiment 2, anticipated affect intensity mediated the association between motivation and willingness to plan, where participants induced to approach motivation predicted greater intensity of anticipated affect upon achieving their goals, and thus were more willing to plan, than participants induced to avoidance motivation. However, such mediational effects without a main effect remain ambiguous and should be interpreted with caution. Seen as a whole, the results suggest that the effect of different motivation types on the willingness to plan may be different than previously thought: They may not influence this aspect of goal striving.

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“…Renfree et al [15] analysed the complex interplay between determinants of pacing and performance, and Rhoden and West [14] provided a preliminary validation of the WAS. The current analysis examined affect, goal expectancies and performance be tween successful and unsuccessful participants in trial 2 only.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Preliminary validation indicated the WAS to be related to the PANAS and sensitive in assessing changes in affect during self-paced exercise. [14] …”

Section: Worcester Affect Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Worcester affect scale (WAS) [14] was used to measure PA and NA at 0.5 km intervals during the time trial, taking 5 -10 s to complete. Participants rated how they felt 'right now' on two separate ten-point Likert scales: PA (1 -not at all positive; 10 -extremely positive) and NA (1 -not at all negative; 10 -extremely negative).…”

Section: Worcester Affect Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

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Micro-oscillations in positive and negative affect during competitive laboratory cycle time trials – a preliminary study

et al. 2014

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Background. By incorporating pre-performance or retrospective recall measurement methods, research has shown positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) to operate as both a precursor to, and as a consequence of performance in line with goal achievement. The extent of this affective change within sport is unclear, as measurement of affect within acute settings has yet to be adopted fully. Objective. To conduct exploratory research examining affect and goal achievement during self-paced cycling to understand further their role during performance. Methods. The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS), Worcester affect scale (WAS) and ratings of goal achievement were completed by seven trained cyclists prior to two separate 20 km laboratory time trials. The WAS and ratings of goal achievement were also rated during each trial. Results. Micro-oscillations in affect occurred throughout time trials and to a greater degree where participants were unsuccessful in reaching their goals. Successful trials were characterised by higher PA (p=0.000) and lower NA (p=0.000), with higher goal expectations from the start (p=0.008). Conclusion. In unsuccessful trials, an overly aggressive start, perhaps due to inaccurate goal setting, led to an inability to maintain performance, with reductions in power output. Further clarification of the catalyst to the performance demise requires a parallel analysis of psychological and physiological parameters. In so doing, a greater understanding of the combined role of affect and goal expectation in pacing and performance will ensue; a benefit to both cyclist and coach alike.

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Affect in Sporting Activities: a Preliminary Validation of the Worcester Affect Scale

Cited by 5 publications

References 44 publications

Complex Interplay Between Determinants of Pacing and Performance During 20-km Cycle Time Trials

Complex Interplay Between Determinants of Pacing and Performance During 20-km Cycle Time Trials

Working for the Best or Bracing for the Worst? Approach and Avoidance Motivation in Planning

Micro-oscillations in positive and negative affect during competitive laboratory cycle time trials – a preliminary study

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