Affect, craving, and cognition: An EMA study of ad libitum adolescent smoking.

Abstract

Reducing smoking among adolescents is a public health priority. Affect, craving, and cognitive processes have been identified as predictors of smoking in adolescents. The current study examined associations between implicit attitude for smoking (assessed via the positive-negative valence implicit association test) and affect, craving, and smoking assessed using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Adolescent smokers (n = 154; Mage = 16.57, SD = 1.12) completed a laboratory assessment of implicit smoking attitudes and carried a palm-top computer for several days while smoking ad libitum. During EMA, they recorded affect, craving, and smoking behavior. Data were analyzed using a multilevel path analysis. At the between-subjects level, more positive implicit smoking attitude was indirectly associated with smoking rate via craving. This association was moderated by positive affect, such that it was stronger for those with greater traitlike positive affect. At the event (within-subject) level, implicit attitude potentiated associations between stress and craving and between positive affect and craving. Individuals with a more positive implicit attitude exhibited more robust indirect associations between momentary stress-positive affect and smoking. In sum, a more positive implicit attitude to smoking was associated with overall levels of craving and smoking and might have potentiated momentary affect-craving associations. Interventions that modify implicit attitude may be an approach for reducing adolescent smoking. (PsycINFO Database Record

No effect of repetitive tDCS on daily smoking behaviour in light smokers: A placebo controlled EMA study

“…Specifically, the number of smoked cigarettes increased with both craving and positive affect on the same day. These findings are in accordance with the results from an earlier EMA study with a higher compliance rate [22].…”

“…Effects of tDCS on addictive behaviour have often been measured with retrospective self-reports in the lab. Since craving and substance use are both episodic phenomena that are associated with affect and context [22][23][24], measuring these variables in daily life may lead to more reliable answers. Furthermore, retrospective measurements may be influenced by recall biases [25,26].…”

Smartphone-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment of Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Future Studies

“…Across the 8 studies, the average compliance rate was 78.4% (SD = 8.3) with a range from 70 to 91%. Shiffman et al (2002) found no relation between momentary positive affect and smoking, whereas Dvorak et al (2018) reported an association between momentary positive affect and momentary smoking. Single studies found a negative association between momentary positive affect and stress and internalizing problems (South and Miller 2014) and sedentary behavior (Elavsky et al 2016).…”

“…The search to EMA studies that used palm tops, PDAs or other EMA devices to assess well-being multiple times a day resulted in 8 studies that included healthy participants (Dvorak et al 2018;Elavsky et al 2016;Ilies et al 2010;Johnston et al 2013;Juth et al 2015;Shiffman et al 2002;South and Miller 2014;Yip 2005) (see supplementary data Sheet 3 for details of the studies and the results).…”

The Effects of Immediate vs Gradual Reduction in Nicotine Content of Cigarettes on Smoking Behavior: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study

“…The advantages of the EMA approach over retrospective self-reporting include more accurate tracking of smoking frequency and patterns, more detailed capturing of smoking cravings, and high ecological validity of the data ( 65 – 67 ). Since both craving and substance use are situational phenomena related to emotion and environment ( 68 – 70 ), measuring these variables in daily life may lead to more reliable answers. Therefore, in this study, EMA was used to assess daily craving changes and smoking behavior in real-time.…”