Aetiology of testicular cancer: association with congenital abnormalities, age at puberty, infertility, and exercise

Forman, David; Pike, Malcolm C.; Davey, Gwyneth K.; Dawson, Simon; Baker, Kim; Chilvers, Clair; Oliver, R.T.D.; Coupland, Carol

doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6941.1393

Cited by 258 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Indeed, a low age at puberty is associated with an increased risk for testicular cancer according to several epidemiologic studies [83][84][85][86] ; however, a Canadian population-based, case-control study did not find a clear association with early puberty but provided strong evidence that delayed puberty had a protective effect on risk for testicular cancer. 87 In Denmark, a significant increase in the incidence of testicular cancer was found among adolescent boys, whereas no increase occurred among children up to 4 years of age.…”

Section: Testicular and Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 92%

Public Health Implications of Altered Puberty Timing

et al. 2008

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Changes in puberty timing have implications for the treatment of individual children, for the risk of later adult disease, and for chemical testing and risk assessment for the population. Children with early puberty are at a risk for accelerated skeletal maturation and short adult height, early sexual debut, potential sexual abuse, and psychosocial difficulties. Altered puberty timing is also of concern for the development of reproductive tract cancers later in life. For example, an early age of menarche is a risk factor for breast cancer. A low age at male puberty is associated with an increased risk for testicular cancer according to several, but not all, epidemiologic studies. Girls and, possibly, boys who exhibit premature adrenarche are at a higher risk for developing features of metabolic syndrome, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease later in adulthood. Altered timing of puberty also has implications for behavioral disorders. For example, an early maturation is associated with a greater incidence of conduct and behavior disorders during adolescence. Finally, altered puberty timing is considered an adverse effect in reproductive toxicity risk assessment for chemicals. Recent US legislation has mandated improved chemical testing approaches for protecting children's health and screening for endocrinedisrupting agents, which has led to changes in the US Environmental Protection Agency's risk assessment and toxicity testing guidelines to include puberty-related assessments and to the validation of pubertal male and female rat assays for endocrine screening.

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Section: Testicular and Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 92%

Public Health Implications of Altered Puberty Timing

et al. 2008

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“…Cryptorchidism accounts for too small a proportion of testicular cancers for changes in its frequency to explain the increase in testicular cancer. Increasing in utero exposure to environmental oestrogens, affecting development of the testis (Sharpe and Skakkebaek, 1993), or decreasing age at puberty and increasing sedentariness and lack of exercise (Forman et al, 1994), have been recently hypothesized as causes, but there is insufficient knowledge about their aetiological roles or data on their trends to assess if they can account for the rising risk. There was no sign in the Scottish data of the halt in the rising cohort trend for men born during and soon before the Second World War that has been observed in Denmark, Norway and Sweden (Bergstrom et al, 1996), but the effect of the War on nutrition was probably less severe in Scotland (which was not occupied) than in occupied Denmark and Norway, at least.…”

Section: Cancers Of the Colon And Rectum (Figure 7)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in cancer incidence and mortality in Scotland: description and possible explanations

Swerdlow

Silva²,

Reid³

et al. 1998

Br J Cancer

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Summary Secular and cohort trends in mortality from cancer in Scotland during 1953-93, and incidence during 1960-90, were analysed using individual records from the national mortality and registration files. For certain cancer sites, the secular analyses of mortality were extended back to 1911 by use of published data. Mortality from cancer at older ages in Scotland has increased over the last 40 years. In each sex, this trend has been dominated by the effects of smoking: all-cancer rates and rates of lung cancer, now the most common fatal cancer in men and in women in Scotland, reached a peak in the cohort of men born at the turn of the century and the cohort of women born in the 1920s. For much of the period, the Scottish all-age rates of lung cancer were the highest reported in the world; they are now decreasing on a secular basis in men, but are still increasing in women. There have also been large increases at older ages in the incidence and mortality rates for cancer of the prostate in recent years, bladder cancer, nervous system cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, myeloma and leukaemia; for each there is likely to be a considerable artefactual element to the increase, with differing degrees of possibility that there may in addition be an element of real increase. Substantial decreases in mortality at all ages have occurred for stomach and colorectal cancers and substantial increases at all ages for pleural cancer and melanoma. Rates of mortality from breast cancer, the most common cancer in women in Scotland, have generally increased over the past 80 years; a temporary cessation in this upward trend occurred in the years during and after the Second World War, and recently rates have turned downward, probably at least in part because of better treatment. Mortality from ovarian cancer, the second most common reproductive-related female tumour in Scotland, has also increased at older ages. At younger ages, mortality from cancer in Scotland has decreased, especially in men, whereas incidence has not. This divergence, which has been a consequence of better treatment, has occurred especially for cancers of the testis and ovary, Hodgkin's disease and leukaemia. There have been increases at young adult ages, however, in both mortality from and incidence of oral and pharyngeal, oesophageal and laryngeal cancers in men, and melanoma and nonHodgkin's lymphoma in each sex. Cervical cancer rates at young ages also increased, but this trend has reversed for incidence in the most recent birth cohorts. Incidence rates have also increased for testicular cancer in young adults and leukaemia in children. With the possible exceptions of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and childhood leukaemia, the increasing rates are likely largely to reflect real rises in incidence, and they highlight the need for investigation of the causes of these cancers, and, when causes are known, for preventive action. Keywords: cancer trends; incidence; mortality; Scotland Trends in cancer incidence and mortality are of interest both for epidemiology and for cli...

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“…30 The long-term implication of puberty occurring at an earlier or later than average age is the subject of considerable research. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37] However, the association between pubertal onset and adult anthropometry has been poorly described due to the paucity of accurate data on the timing of puberty. This paper describes a longitudinal school-based cohort in which the impact of childhood obesity on the timing of puberty, final attained adult stature and obesity is examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of childhood body mass index on timing of puberty, adult stature and obesity: a follow-up study based on adolescent anthropometry recorded at Christ's Hospital (1936–1964)

et al. 2005

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Objective: To examine the impact of childhood body mass index (BMI) on timing of puberty, adult stature and obesity. Design: A retrospective school-based cohort follow-up study. Subjects: A total of 1520 men born between 1927 and 1956 with serial height and weight measurements from the age of 9 to 18, followed up in adulthood at a mean age of 63 years. Measurements: Prepubertal (child) BMI; age at peak height velocity (APHV); adult leg length, waist and hip circumference (selfreported), and height and weight (measured). Results: Boys with a higher childhood BMI tended to have an earlier puberty (per s.d. increase in child BMI: À0.31 years, 95% confidence interval (CI): À0.23 to À0.39, Po0.001). Childhood BMI correlated strongly and positively with adult adiposity, as measured by BMI (1.24 kg/m 2 , 95% CI: 1.04-1.45, Po0.001), waist (1.94 cm, 95% CI: 1.50-2.37, Po0.001) and hip (1.91 cm, 95% CI: 1.55-2.28, Po0.001). It correlated inversely with leg length (À0.40 cm, 95% CI: À0.68 to À0.12, P ¼ 0.005), but not significantly with height or trunk length. Boys with a later puberty tended to be taller (per s.d. increase in APHV: 0.57 cm, 95% CI: 0.17-0.97, P ¼ 0.006) and less adipose as adults (À0.55 kg/m 2 , 95% CI: À0.33 to À0.77, Po0.001). Conclusion:The long-term consequences of childhood obesity into adulthood are well known, but the potential impact on early pubertal maturation is less well appreciated. The factors that contribute to the onset and persistence of childhood obesity require more public health focus.

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Aetiology of testicular cancer: association with congenital abnormalities, age at puberty, infertility, and exercise

Cited by 258 publications

References 49 publications

Public Health Implications of Altered Puberty Timing

Public Health Implications of Altered Puberty Timing

Trends in cancer incidence and mortality in Scotland: description and possible explanations

The impact of childhood body mass index on timing of puberty, adult stature and obesity: a follow-up study based on adolescent anthropometry recorded at Christ's Hospital (1936–1964)

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