Aetiology, clinical presentation and current treatment options of equine malignant melanoma – a review of the literature

Cavalleri, Jessika‐M. V.; Mählmann, Kathrin; Steinig, P.; Feige, Karsten

doi:10.21836/pem20140410

Cited by 9 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(53 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In contrast, equine melanocytic tumors have a very distinct clinical course. They usually emerge on cutaneous and mucocutaneous localizations such as the perianal region, tail, lips, eyelids, genital area, and parotid region, with a higher prevalence in gray horses due to genetic predisposition [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Even when possessing histological features of malignancy, these tumors tend to present a prolonged benign behavior, distinguished by slow mass expansion, with invasion and metastasis being rarely reported [ 3 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Expression in Equine Melanocytic Tumors

Pimenta,

Prada,

Pires

et al. 2024

Veterinary Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Equine melanocytic tumors are common and have an unusual benign behavior with low invasiveness and metastatic rates. However, tumoral mass growth is usually a concern that can have life-threatening consequences. COX-2 is related to oncogenesis, promoting neoplastic cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in equine melanocytic tumors. Through extension and intensity of labeling, 39 melanocytomas and 38 melanomas were evaluated. Of the malignant tumors, 13.2% were negative and 63.2% presented a low COX-2 expression. Only 6 malignant tumors presented >50% of labeled cells, 18 malignant and 8 benign had an expression between 21 and 50%, 8 malignant and 3 benign tumors had an expression between 6 and 20%, 1 malignant tumor had an expression between 1 and 5%, and 5 malignant and 28 benign tumors had no expression. Malignant tumors showed higher COX-2 expression than did benign tumors, with statistically significant differences. The low levels of COX-2 may be one of the molecular reasons for the presence of expansive mass growth instead of the invasive pattern of other species, which is related to high COX-2 levels.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Expression in Equine Melanocytic Tumors

Pimenta,

Prada,

Pires

et al. 2024

Veterinary Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Curik et al (2013) described three pathologically defined clinical patterns: (i) the majority of cases present as slowly growing melanomas over many years without evidence of regional or distant metastases; (ii) malignant transformation of a benign melanoma (melanocytoma); and (iii) the rare cases of melanomas that are malignant from onset. A recent review by Moore et al (2013) described melanomas as a variably pigmented neoplasia with the capacity of local invasion and metastasis, and Cavalleri et al (2014) reported that this condition may present itself in a more advanced stage as a multicentric malignancy (equine malignant melanoma).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic lameness caused by vascular compression of the iliac artery and vein by a malignant melanoma in the pelvis of a grey Spanish gelding

Ongeval

Velde

Raes

et al. 2019

Equine Veterinary Education

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary An 11‐year‐old grey Spanish gelding was presented with chronic lameness of the right hindlimb, with abduction of the limb during the swing phase. Based on a comprehensive lameness examination, the problem was localised to the pelvic region. Rectal and ultrasonographic examinations revealed a mass in the pelvic region in close association with the iliac artery and vein, and ultrasonographic indications of vascular compression. Considering the clinical presentation of a grey middle‐aged horse with multifocal melanoma‐like nodules at the level of the perineum, tail base, preputium and penis, a malignant melanoma with secondary vascular or neurological compression was suspected. Post‐mortem and histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of malignant melanoma with vascular compression of the iliac artery and vein and infiltrative growth in the iliac vein.

show abstract

“…Despite their initially slow invasive growth, they frequently metastasize later (Baker and Leyland 1975, Valentine 1995, Fleury et al 2000a, Smith et al 2002. For further information on clinical signs and conventional therapeutic options, the reader is referred to recent extensive reviews on the matter (Metcalfe et al 2013, Moore et al 2013, Phillips and Lembkke 2013, Cavalleri et al 2014). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospect for immunological therapies of the equine malignant melanoma

Cavalleri¹,

Mählmann²,

Schuberth³

et al. 2015

PHK

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary: Although equine melanocytic neoplasms occur frequently, at least in grey horses, their existence is neglected frequently, despite their potentially severe clinical consequences. Immune-based therapies have been investigated in human metastatic melanoma and offer encouraging results. Researchers have recently begun to explore the immunological approach in equine malignant melanoma (EMM) with some success. Therefore, this review aims at giving a short overview of the nature of EMM and providing insight into the immunological basis of melanocytic neoplasms in general. Equine malignant melanoma is a true neoplasm with a genetic basis. Initially they show a slow invasive growth, but they have the potential to metastasize. EMM and human malignant melanomas share various common histopathologic features. For the immune system eradication of the tumor is a challenge. Although solid tumors are often infiltrated with immune cells, they usually do not induce a significant tumor remission. The antitumoral immune response depends on factors of the innate immune system interacting in a coordinated fashion with the adaptive immune system. Antigen-presenting cells, neutrophilic granulocytes, and lymphoid cells may elicit antitumoral effects. This innate response precedes a downstream antigen-specific response. In the tumor microenvironment of solid tumors immune suppressive factors can induce immune escape mechanisms of the tumors. Immunological therapies of EMM include blockage of histamine 2 receptors on melanoma cells and lymphocytes, cancer vaccines and gene therapeutic approaches. This article focuses on the immunological therapeutic approach of EMM and gives an outlook on future implications.

show abstract

Aetiology, clinical presentation and current treatment options of equine malignant melanoma – a review of the literature

Cited by 9 publications

References 34 publications

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Expression in Equine Melanocytic Tumors

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Expression in Equine Melanocytic Tumors

Chronic lameness caused by vascular compression of the iliac artery and vein by a malignant melanoma in the pelvis of a grey Spanish gelding

Prospect for immunological therapies of the equine malignant melanoma

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About