Abstract:Effective hand drying is an important part of hand hygiene that can reduce the risk of infectious disease transmission through cross-contamination of surfaces by wet hands. However, hand drying methods may also cause aerosolisation of pathogenic microorganisms if they are present in washed hands. This study investigated experimentally the impact of washing hands and different hand drying methods on the concentration and size distribution of aerosols and bacteria in indoor air. In this experiment, aerosol and b… Show more
“…Consequently, the water quality in turn affected the hand hygiene status of customers together with the other factors as described in Table 7. This finding is supported by the other's work as the source of water, 18 handwashing facility conditions (unavailability of soap 42 ), and customers' improper handwashing practice, 31,43 inadequate handwashing time, lack of training 5,24,44 and unavailability of poster demonstration on good handwashing practice, inappropriate method of hand drying 34,45,46 and method of fetching water from the container 32 had an association with the effectiveness of handwashing practice in the removal of pathogens from hands thereby hand hygiene status.…”
Handwashing plays a major role in preventing the spread of infection and, if poorly implemented, leads to different illnesses. However, the quality of water meant for handwashing and handwashing practice and hand hygiene conditions of food establishment customers are overlooked issues, unlike drinking water and hygienic conditions and practice of food handlers. This study aimed to assess the microbial quality of water used for handwashing and hygienic practice and the status of customers of food establishments and associated factors in Ginjo Kebele, Jimma town, Southwest, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was employed in July 2022. Forty water and 40 hand swab samples were taken and analyzed for total coliform and E. coli using the spread plate method. Handwashing facility conditions and the handwashing practices of customers were assessed using a checklist and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 23 software. The median handwashing water total coliform count was 390.0 CFU/ml. The median hand swab samples’ total coliform and E. coli load were 21.6 and 4.8 CFU/cm2, respectively after handwashing practice. There was an uphill correlation between the handwashing water and hand swab sample total coliform load ( r = .34, P = .032). The mean handwashing efficacy for the removal of total coliform was 25.8%. The microbial load was varied with the type of water container used, method of taking water from the container, handwashing practice, and hand drying. The microbial quality of handwashing water and hand swab samples didn’t comply with the acceptable limit. Thus, governmental bodies should work to improve the handwashing practice of communities. Food establishment owners should treat water for handwashing, clean the water containers, handle the water properly, and avail soap and poster demonstrators to the handwashing facilities. The customers should also comply with proper hand washing practices and reduce hand contamination.
“…Consequently, the water quality in turn affected the hand hygiene status of customers together with the other factors as described in Table 7. This finding is supported by the other's work as the source of water, 18 handwashing facility conditions (unavailability of soap 42 ), and customers' improper handwashing practice, 31,43 inadequate handwashing time, lack of training 5,24,44 and unavailability of poster demonstration on good handwashing practice, inappropriate method of hand drying 34,45,46 and method of fetching water from the container 32 had an association with the effectiveness of handwashing practice in the removal of pathogens from hands thereby hand hygiene status.…”
Handwashing plays a major role in preventing the spread of infection and, if poorly implemented, leads to different illnesses. However, the quality of water meant for handwashing and handwashing practice and hand hygiene conditions of food establishment customers are overlooked issues, unlike drinking water and hygienic conditions and practice of food handlers. This study aimed to assess the microbial quality of water used for handwashing and hygienic practice and the status of customers of food establishments and associated factors in Ginjo Kebele, Jimma town, Southwest, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was employed in July 2022. Forty water and 40 hand swab samples were taken and analyzed for total coliform and E. coli using the spread plate method. Handwashing facility conditions and the handwashing practices of customers were assessed using a checklist and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 23 software. The median handwashing water total coliform count was 390.0 CFU/ml. The median hand swab samples’ total coliform and E. coli load were 21.6 and 4.8 CFU/cm2, respectively after handwashing practice. There was an uphill correlation between the handwashing water and hand swab sample total coliform load ( r = .34, P = .032). The mean handwashing efficacy for the removal of total coliform was 25.8%. The microbial load was varied with the type of water container used, method of taking water from the container, handwashing practice, and hand drying. The microbial quality of handwashing water and hand swab samples didn’t comply with the acceptable limit. Thus, governmental bodies should work to improve the handwashing practice of communities. Food establishment owners should treat water for handwashing, clean the water containers, handle the water properly, and avail soap and poster demonstrators to the handwashing facilities. The customers should also comply with proper hand washing practices and reduce hand contamination.
“…Most previous studies on handwashing have been conducted among health professionals and students, primarily focusing on knowledge ( 19 , 20 ). Although there have been reports ( 21 ) on food hygiene among university students, to our knowledge, hand hygiene education utilizing objective indicators such as the ATP test has not been implemented in elementary schools.…”
BackgroundHand washing instructions for children have been implemented in school education to establish good lifestyle habits. However, repeated hand washing through education from early childhood was common for both teachers and children. If this continues, children might assume they already know how to wash their hands, stop taking handwashing instructions seriously, and become increasingly lax about washing their hands.PurposeThis study aimed to develop a new handwashing education method for children.MethodsWe applied the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) test to health education on hand washing in elementary schools. This study was conducted as part of a class for elementary school students in October 2023, in Hokkaido, Japan. The subjects were 157 third-grade (9–10 years old) elementary school students. After excluding absent pupils, 147 were included in the analysis.ResultsBoth pre- and post-education, ATP values after handwashing were lower than those before handwashing. Following the education, children’s handwashing behavior improved, with an increase in the number of point washed and appropriate timing of handwashing.ConclusionThe new handwashing education program utilizing the ATP-test succeeded in promoting handwashing behavior among many children. Visualizing handwashing using ATP values was effective in motivating children.
“…Effective hand drying reduces cross-contamination compared to dry hand by touching surfaces [11][12][13] . However, the hand dryer itself can be a source of contamination and disperses microorganism through aerosol particles 14,15 .Substantial articles have investigated the hygienic effects of hand dryers. Suen et al 8 indicated that drugresistant bacteria could be found in 52 types of bacteria species on hand-drying facilities in public washrooms, and Huesca et al 9 demonstrated that hand dryers were related to the bacterial deposition on hand surfaces and the movement of polluted air, and might even be a cause for the dispersion of infectious bacteria.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Effective hand drying reduces cross-contamination compared to dry hand by touching surfaces [11][12][13] . However, the hand dryer itself can be a source of contamination and disperses microorganism through aerosol particles 14,15 .…”
Hand dryer in public washroom has been reported likely to be a reservoir of drug-resistant bacteria. When a hand dryer being used, the high-velocity air jet from the dryer outlet can carry aerosol particles to hand surfaces, the user, and indoor space. This in silico study considered the effect of different airflow speed of hand dryers on the dispersion of particles in different diameters with and without the user. The aim of this study was to apply the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method based on the discrete phase model to investigate the trajectory of indoor particles from the hand dryer in public washroom. The CFD results showed that, when the user was using the hand dryer, 42.3% of the particles were distributed on the wall against the user, and 31.6% were distributed on the user’s body, including their hands. When no one was standing in front of the hand dryer, 87.6% of the particles fell on the ground. The blocking of user’s hand dispersed the particles to a wide range, particularly for the larger diameter particles which were scattered on the user’s body or on the ground. In addition, the dispersion proportion of particles did not vary with the speed of airflow, but the area of particles distribution became larger as the speed increased. Our findings suggest that the contamination of the indoor environment caused by the hand dryer could not be ignored, incorporating filters into hand dryers is essential. Furthermore, our work offers valuable insights for optimizing the design of hand dryers.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.