Aerosolized Red-Tide Toxins (Brevetoxins) and Asthma

Fleming, Lora E.; Kirkpatrick, Barbara; Backer, Lorraine C.; Bean, Judy A.; Wanner, Adam; Reich, Andrew; Zaias, Julia; Cheng, Yung Sung; Pierce, Richard; Naar, Jérôme; Abraham, William M.; Baden, Daniel G.

doi:10.1378/chest.06-1830

Cited by 146 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Interestingly, an organism that is not harmless provides proof of physiologically significant levels of intake of marine aerosols and their contained life forms. There is rapid (<1 h) onset of symptoms of brevetoxin poisoning while walking on beaches during algal blooms (97) and parallel increases in pulmonary problems at some distance inland from such beaches (98).…”

Section: Microbial Diversity and The Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: An ecosystem service essential to health

Rook

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

596

456

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Epidemiological studies suggest that living close to the natural environment is associated with long-term health benefits including reduced death rates, reduced cardiovascular disease, and reduced psychiatric problems. This is often attributed to psychological mechanisms, boosted by exercise, social interactions, and sunlight. Compared with urban environments, exposure to green spaces does indeed trigger rapid psychological, physiological, and endocrinological effects. However, there is little evidence that these rapid transient effects cause long-term health benefits or even that they are a specific property of natural environments. Meanwhile, the illnesses that are increasing in high-income countries are associated with failing immunoregulation and poorly regulated inflammatory responses, manifested as chronically raised C-reactive protein and proinflammatory cytokines. This failure of immunoregulation is partly attributable to a lack of exposure to organisms (“Old Friends”) from mankind’s evolutionary past that needed to be tolerated and therefore evolved roles in driving immunoregulatory mechanisms. Some Old Friends (such as helminths and infections picked up at birth that established carrier states) are almost eliminated from the urban environment. This increases our dependence on Old Friends derived from our mothers, other people, animals, and the environment. It is suggested that the requirement for microbial input from the environment to drive immunoregulation is a major component of the beneficial effect of green space, and a neglected ecosystem service that is essential for our well-being. This insight will allow green spaces to be designed to optimize health benefits and will provide impetus from health systems for the preservation of ecosystem biodiversity.

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Section: Microbial Diversity and The Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: An ecosystem service essential to health

Rook

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

596

456

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“…In addition, the deleterious effect on human populations caused by potent neurotoxins escaping into the atmosphere via aerosol cannot be ignored. Brevetoxin-containing aerosol resulting from red tides of Karenia brevis along the Florida coast are known to cause harmful respiratory effects (Fleming et al 2007) and recent similar events in the Mediterranean caused by palytoxins produced by Ostreopsis have been documented (Brescianini et al 2006). ) to cause discolored water in the marina of Syracuse Harbor, Sicily on the Mediterranean coast.…”

Section: Harmful Algal Bloomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Megacities and Large Urban Agglomerations in the Coastal Zone: Interactions Between Atmosphere, Land, and Marine Ecosystems

Glasow

Jickells

Baklanov

et al. 2012

AMBIO

127

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Megacities are not only important drivers for socio-economic development but also sources of environmental challenges. Many megacities and large urban agglomerations are located in the coastal zone where land, atmosphere, and ocean meet, posing multiple environmental challenges which we consider here. The atmospheric flow around megacities is complicated by urban heat island effects and topographic flows and sea breezes and influences air pollution and human health. The outflow of polluted air over the ocean perturbs biogeochemical processes. Contaminant inputs can damage downstream coastal zone ecosystem function and resources including fisheries, induce harmful algal blooms and feedback to the atmosphere via marine emissions. The scale of influence of megacities in the coastal zone is hundreds to thousands of kilometers in the atmosphere and tens to hundreds of kilometers in the ocean. We list research needs to further our understanding of coastal megacities with the ultimate aim to improve their environmental management.

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“…126, Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mail: wanloy_chu@imu.edu.my (Received 18 January 2011;accepted 27 June 2011) brevetoxins of red tide algae was reported to cause adverse changes in respiratory functions (Fleming et al, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of airborne algae within the township of Bukit Jalil in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Chu

Ambu

2011

Grana

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Aerosolized Red-Tide Toxins (Brevetoxins) and Asthma

Cited by 146 publications

References 32 publications

Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: An ecosystem service essential to health

Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: An ecosystem service essential to health

Megacities and Large Urban Agglomerations in the Coastal Zone: Interactions Between Atmosphere, Land, and Marine Ecosystems

Occurrence of airborne algae within the township of Bukit Jalil in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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