Aerosol vaccination against newcastle disease: Virus inhalation and retention during vaccination

Yadin, Hagai

doi:10.1080/03079458008418399

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…However, the majority of the airborne virus is actually attached to dust particles, resulting in non-uniform distribution of the virus in a microenvironment 45,46 . It is possible that some birds breathe in more viral particles than others 47 . But for infection risk assessment in this study, all birds were assumed to receive or breathe in the same viral dosage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne transmission may have played a role in the spread of 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the United States

Zhao

Richardson

Takle

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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The unprecedented 2015 outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 in the U.S. devastated its poultry industry and resulted in over $3 billion economic impacts. Today HPAI continues eroding poultry operations and disrupting animal protein supply chains around the world. Anecdotal evidence in 2015 suggested that in some cases the AI virus was aerially introduced into poultry houses, as abnormal bird mortality started near air inlets of the infected houses. This study modeled air movement trajectories and virus concentrations that were used to assess the probability or risk of airborne transmission for the 77 HPAI cases in Iowa. The results show that majority of the positive cases in Iowa might have received airborne virus, carried by fine particulate matter, from infected farms within the state (i.e., intrastate) and infected farms from the neighboring states (i.e., interstate). The modeled airborne virus concentrations at the Iowa recipient sites never exceeded the minimal infective doses for poultry; however, the continuous exposure might have increased airborne infection risks. In the worst-case scenario (i.e., maximum virus shedding rate, highest emission rate, and longest half-life), 33 Iowa cases had > 10% (three cases > 50%) infection probability, indicating a medium to high risk of airborne transmission for these cases. Probability of airborne HPAI infection could be affected by farm type, flock size, and distance to previously infected farms; and more importantly, it can be markedly reduced by swift depopulation and inlet air filtration. The research results provide insights into the risk of airborne transmission of HPAI virus via fine dust particles and the importance of preventative and containment strategies such as air filtration and quick depopulation of infected flocks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne transmission may have played a role in the spread of 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the United States

Zhao

Richardson

Takle

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…The following assumptions were made for the calculation of the vaccine virus uptake: (1) all aerosol particles detected by air sampling are inhalable; (2) the increase and decline of the aerosol vaccine concentration in the isolator is linear; and (3) 30 min after the end of the vaccine dispersion the aerosol virus titres are considered to be "0"; also all aerosol virus titres below the detection limit are considered to be "0"; (4) vaccine retention by the birds is 100% (Hayter & Besch, 1974;Yadin, 1980). E. coli inoculum.…”

Section: A-ementioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Newcastle disease vaccine administered as powder or liquid in relation to the serum antibody response and adverse vaccinal reactions in broilers

et al. 2015

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Liquid spray and aerosol mass vaccination of poultry have several drawbacks, such as uncontrolled deposition of vaccine particles in the respiratory tract and vaccine virus inactivation by formation and evaporation of droplets. These may be addressed by using dry powder vaccines with defined particle size distribution targeting the upper (primary vaccination) or the entire respiratory tract (booster vaccination). Therefore, a coarse Newcastle disease (LZ58 strain) powder vaccine was administered to specified pathogen free (SPF) broiler hens to compare the antibody response and adverse vaccinal reactions with those induced by a coarse liquid spray and a fine liquid aerosol. Groups of 40 broilers each housed in isolators were vaccinated at 4 days of age and intratracheally inoculated with Escherichia coli (strain 506) at 11 days of age. Adverse vaccinal reactions were evaluated by measuring body weight gain and mortality between 4 and 11 days of age and between 11 and 18 days of age, and by recording colibacillosis lesions at 18 days of age. The antibody serum response was measured at 18 days of age by the haemagglutination inhibition test. Despite the relative low initial vaccine virus loss and narrow particle size distribution of the powder vaccines in comparison with their liquid counter parts, no significant differences (P > 0.05) regarding adverse vaccinal reactions and antibody response were observed between broilers vaccinated with the powder vaccines or with their liquid counterparts.

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“…The amount of vaccine virus inhaled per broiler during the period from the start of vaccination until 30 min after spray administration ended was estimated considering a ventilation rate of 1932 ml/min per kg body weight (Reeves et al, 1991). The following assumptions were made for the calculation of the virus uptake: (1) all airborne vaccine particles measured by air sampling are inhalable; (2) there is a linear increase and decrease of the vaccine aerosol in the isolator; (3) 30 min after vaccine dispersion the airborne vaccine titres are considered to be "0" as well as virus titres from the air samples, which were below the detection limit and (4) vaccine particle retention in the birds is 100% (Hayter & Besch, 1974;Yadin, 1980).…”

Section: Assessment Of Inhaled Vaccine Dosementioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Newcastle disease vaccination of broilers: comparison of the antibody seroresponse and adverse vaccinal reaction after eye–nose drop or coarse spray application, and implication of the results for a previously developed coarse dry powder vaccine

et al. 2017

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To compare antibody seroresponse and adverse vaccinal reaction induced by Newcastle disease (ND) vaccination after eye-nose drop or coarse spray, groups of SPF broiler hens were vaccinated at day 4 (day of hatch is day 0) and intratracheally inoculated with Escherichia coli at day 11. Body weight gain (BWG) was assessed between day 4 and day 18; colibacillosis lesions and serum antibodies were determined at day 18. Meaningful comparison requires similar vaccine uptake. Vaccine virus loss during spray relative to eye-nose drop, which was assessed by comparing the results of endpoint titrations, was 3 log. Colibacillosis lesions in birds spray vaccinated with 10 EID/chicken were significantly more severe (P < 0.05), compared to those in birds eye-nose drop vaccinated with 10 EID/chicken, while the seroresponse was slightly but significantly (P < 0.05) stronger. Colibacillosis lesion scores inversely paralleled BWG. It is concluded that: (1) There is room to improve the coarse ND vaccine spray used regarding adverse vaccinal reaction, while maintaining a sufficient immune response. This is also applicable to the coarse ND powder vaccine studied in previous research, which induced similar antibody response and adverse vaccinal reaction as the spray vaccine used here. (2) The vaccine virus dose influences the colibacillosis susceptibility at seven days post vaccination, as the dynamics of the vaccine virus infection is likely dose-dependent. (3) Low vaccine virus doses likely result in heterogeneous vaccine-take followed by vaccine virus spread from vaccine shedding birds to their non-vaccine virus infected flock mates ("rolling vaccinal reaction").

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Aerosol vaccination against newcastle disease: Virus inhalation and retention during vaccination

Abstract: SUMMARYDuring aerosol vaccination of chickens with the LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus, the quantities of inhaled and expired virus were determined by sampling the inhaled and expired air with a "capillary impinger", and virus retention in the respiratory tract was calculated.

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Airborne transmission may have played a role in the spread of 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the United States

Airborne transmission may have played a role in the spread of 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the United States

Comparison of Newcastle disease vaccine administered as powder or liquid in relation to the serum antibody response and adverse vaccinal reactions in broilers

Primary Newcastle disease vaccination of broilers: comparison of the antibody seroresponse and adverse vaccinal reaction after eye–nose drop or coarse spray application, and implication of the results for a previously developed coarse dry powder vaccine

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