Aerosol-assisted sol–gel synthesis of mesoporous Ag–Ta–SiO₂catalysts for the direct upgrading of ethanol to butadiene

Abstract

The Lebedev process, or the direct catalytic conversion of bioethanol to butadiene, offers an up-and-coming sustainable alternative to the petrochemical route toward this high-demand C4 hydrocarbon. Since the reaction mechanism...

Non-hydrolytic Sol–Gel Routes to Bifunctional Cu–Ta–SiO2 Catalysts for the Upgrading of Ethanol to Butadiene

“…This is a typical range for materials prepared with Pluronic F127 as the templating agent. 43,60 The increase in pore volume in the lowest pore diameter range for Ac-2Ta2Cu corresponds to a fraction of micropores and is consistent with previous reports, as the acetamide elimination route natively yields a microporous texture. 44,46 Furthermore, Table 1 corroborates this observation with a superior micropore volume of 0.23 mL g −1 for Ac-2Ta2Cu compared to 0.05 mL g −1 for Et-2Ta2Cu.…”

“…However, when considering BJH adsorption curves (Figure a), both routes have the highest adsorption volume around 15 nm, further confirming the mesoporous character of Et- and Ac-2Ta2Cu. This is a typical range for materials prepared with Pluronic F127 as the templating agent. , The increase in pore volume in the lowest pore diameter range for Ac-2Ta2Cu corresponds to a fraction of micropores and is consistent with previous reports, as the acetamide elimination route natively yields a microporous texture. , Furthermore, Table corroborates this observation with a superior micropore volume of 0.23 mL g –1 for Ac-2Ta2Cu compared to 0.05 mL g –1 for Et-2Ta2Cu. Indeed, overall, both non-hydrolytic synthesis routes yield catalysts with a predominantly mesoporous texture and high SSAs.…”

“…The addition of Pluronic F127 yields cylindrical mesopores, as already described in previous studies, while the nontemplated acetamide route (not shown) is known to yield materials with predominantly microporous texture. 43,60,61 The ether route, on the other hand is known to lead to highly porous siliceous materials, even without templating agents. In fact, a widely open mesoporous texture is created simply by the trapping of the solvent during the slow inorganic polycondensation process.…”

Bifunctional Au–Sn-SiO2 catalysts promote the direct upgrading of glycerol to methyl lactate

“…40,41 Various catalysts including porous oxides, metal and alloys or even hybrid catalysts were synthesized using this technique. [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52] It relies on the rapid thermally induced evaporation of a sprayed solution containing the different precursors (alkoxides or salts) and a templating agent to form dry particles with homogeneous composition and controlled porosity (Scheme S1 †). The catalysts developed in this work consist of small Au nanoparticles highly dispersed on a Sn-Si mixed oxide.…”