Aerogels are not regulated as nanomaterials, but can be assessed by tiered testing and grouping strategies for nanomaterials

Keller, Johannes G.; Wiemann, Martin; Gröters, Sibylle; Werle, Kai; Vennemann, Antje; Landsiedel, Robert; Wohlleben, Wendel

doi:10.1039/d1na00044f

Cited by 8 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…61 Hazard screenings on released fragments is possible and relevant, as demonstrated on the example of organic aerogels. 62 • If not nano-enabled but consisting of particles (lower right quadrant in Fig. 2), the conventional dust issues are to be considered.…”

Section: Environmental Science: Nano Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…aerogels are not nanomaterials by EU Commission's recommended definition and hence not considered nanomaterial in REACH, but the fragments that they potentially release during their use and end-of-life phases can be assessed by methods and tiered testing schemes developed for nanomaterials. 62,95 The AMEA recommendations close the assessment gap on this quadrant. 12 b) Many AdMa are not even nano-enabled.…”

Section: Comparison Of Amea To the Ongoing Work In The Oecd Wpmn "Ste...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advanced materials earliest assessment (AMEA)

Wohlleben,

Persson,

Suarez-Merino

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci.: Nano

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Section: Environmental Science: Nano Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison Of Amea To the Ongoing Work In The Oecd Wpmn "Ste...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced materials earliest assessment (AMEA)

Wohlleben,

Persson,

Suarez-Merino

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci.: Nano

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“…155 Keller et al classify aerogels based on their safety profile. 175 They compared 19 aerogels consisting of organic aerogels, such as chitosan, cellulose, alginate, or polyurethane, and inorganic aerogels, such as pyrolyzed carbon or silicate. They just found polyurethane makes a temporary and reversible inflammation in the lung in Wistar rats.…”

Section: Potential Toxicity Induced By Hydrogelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancing biomedicine with gel‐based materials and composites: A comprehensive review

Sajjadi,

Gholizadeh‐Hashjin,

Shafizadeh

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Polymer gels are an important class of soft materials with growing interest for biomedical applications due to their distinctive properties. These three‐dimensional polymer networks are capable of imbibing large amounts of solvent while maintaining solid‐like behavior. Polymer gels can be classified into hydrogels, aerogels, and cryogels based on their structural features. Their highly porous structure, swelling capacity, and biocompatibility make them well‐suited for diverse uses in biomedicine. Recent advances have enabled the engineering of polymer gels with tunable architectures and smart functionality responsive to stimuli. These developments have expanded the potential of gels in areas like tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, and biosensing. However, the toxicity of polymer gels remains an important consideration for biomedical use. Careful design and toxicological evaluation is essential to ensure safe clinical application. Overall, polymer gels offer new possibilities in biomedicine through continued research on synthesizing biocompatible gels and elucidating structure–function relationships. This review provides an updated perspective on the progress and promise of tailoring polymer gels to advance biomedicine, while also considering the critical aspect of biocompatibility.

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“…In a published workflow for aerogels testing, the group of Keller et al has shown the tiered testing strategy [11]; additional teams have applied the workflow in order to categorize and group nanomaterials [74][75][76].…”

Section: Safety Regulation In Aerogels Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hazard assessment of aerogels has to take into account the fact that inhalable or ingestible fragments have components that can have toxicity characteristics matching the ones displayed by nanostructures [10]. Moreover, aerogels present a large surface area, so their potency resides in this extended functional surface [11]. Regardless, the testing strategy should follow the future use of the aerogel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated Aspects of Safety Regulations for Biomedical Applications of Aerogel Compounds—Compendia-Like Evaluation

Neagu,

Grisi,

Pulvirenti

et al. 2023

Safety

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Aerogels have recently started to be considered as “advanced materials”; therefore, as a general consideration, aerogels’ toxicity testing should focus on their functionality which resides in their nanoscale open internal porosity. To assess the hazards of organic aerogels, testing at three levels may characterize their biophysical, in vitro and in vivo toxicity, defining distinct categories of aerogels. At the first level of testing, their abiotic characteristics are investigated, and the best aerogel(s) is forwarded to be tested at level 2, wherein in vitro methodologies may mainly evaluate the aerogels’ cellular behavior. Within level 2 of testing, the main characteristics of toxicity are investigated and the selected aerogels are introduced to in vivo animal models at level 3. In the animal model testing, target organs are investigated along with systemic parameters of toxicity. Some study cases are presented for organic or anorganic aerogels. Within this tiered workflow, aerogels-based materials can be tested in terms of human health hazard.

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Aerogels are not regulated as nanomaterials, but can be assessed by tiered testing and grouping strategies for nanomaterials

Abstract: Aerogels contribute to an increasing number of novel applications due to many unique properties, such as high porosity and low density. They outperform most other insulation materials, and some are...

Cited by 8 publications

References 65 publications

Advanced materials earliest assessment (AMEA)

Advanced materials earliest assessment (AMEA)

Advancing biomedicine with gel‐based materials and composites: A comprehensive review

Updated Aspects of Safety Regulations for Biomedical Applications of Aerogel Compounds—Compendia-Like Evaluation

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