“…Initially, studies concentrated on the fundamental characteristics and flow loss processes of partial admission turbines [4,5]. The flow channel structure [6,7], nozzle arrangement [8,9], and blade parameters [10,11] were determined to be the key elements impacting the performance of partial admission turbines. Researchers generally concurred that, in terms of flow channel structure, reducing the axial clearance between the nozzle and rotor within a suitable range can result in greater efficiency [12,13] and with decreasing mass flow rate, the efficiency and optimum speed ratio decline.…”