Aerodynamic levitation apparatus coupled with solar furnace for study of matter in the liquid state

Ouaida, M.B.; Badie, J. M.

doi:10.1088/0022-3735/15/9/021

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Since the first X‐ray study of levitated liquids pioneered in 1997, levitation with laser heating was successfully used on neutron and synchrotron sources in the USA, Europe and Japan to study structure of high‐temperature melts. Aerodynamic levitation is only limited by surface tension and evaporation of the material, eliminates sample reaction with crucible container, and allows experiments in different environments (oxygen, inert gas, reducing gas mixtures, water vapor). Below, we use a very recent case study of Y 2 O 3 to demonstrate that this technique is not an exclusive domain of glass scientists and has untapped potential to provide data on thermal expansion and phase transitions in crystalline solids.…”

Section: Premelting Phase Transition In Y2o3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Levitation methods were used to study reactions at high temperature since 1976 [74][75][76][77] and are now available for structural studies at high temperature at a number of synchrotron and neutron facilities. 78,79 Synchrotron computed tomography techniques also available for in situ studies at submicrometer resolution.…”

Section: Phase Diagram Determination Of Refractory Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Approaches to the Thermodynamics of Ceramics Above 1500°C

Ushakov

Navrotsky

2012

J. Am. Ceram. Soc.

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Traditionally, the nuclear and aerospace industries have been the main drivers behind the development of high‐temperature materials. These applications demand a high degree of reliability and extensive characterization of every new material. There is a lack of experimental thermodynamic data above 1500°C even for HfO2, ZrO2, La2O3, Y2O3, and other constituents of widely used ceramic systems. Such data, as are available, were often obtained half a century ago using custom‐built instruments. We review classic experimental approaches for the measurement of formation enthalpies, high‐temperature enthalpy increments by the drop method, and also discuss more recent developments which include mass spectrometric measurements of vapor pressures, pulsed laser relaxation methods for heat capacity, and melting temperature determination and high‐temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry in application to refractory compounds. Approaches to the experimental determination of phase diagrams at high temperature are introduced using studies of liquid immiscibility in the Zr(O)–UO2 system as an example. Thermal analysis above 2000°C is now possible with commercially available instruments, as shown by the first experimental measurements of the phase transition and fusion enthalpies of La2O3. New results on a premelting phase transition in Y2O3 in oxygen are reported from in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction study on levitated samples.

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Section: Premelting Phase Transition In Y2o3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phase Diagram Determination Of Refractory Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Approaches to the Thermodynamics of Ceramics Above 1500°C

Ushakov

Navrotsky

2012

J. Am. Ceram. Soc.

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“…Oxides and silicates can be heated and melted with a CO 2 gas laser [5], a mirror furnace [6], or a solar furnace [7], while they are floating on top of the gas stream. Depending on the supplied energy, temperatures >3000°C can be reached [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Description of an aerodynamic levitation apparatus with applications in Earth sciences

et al. 2010

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BackgroundIn aerodynamic levitation, solids and liquids are floated in a vertical gas stream. In combination with CO2-laser heating, containerless melting at high temperature of oxides and silicates is possible. We apply aerodynamic levitation to bulk rocks in preparation for microchemical analyses, and for evaporation and reduction experiments.ResultsLiquid silicate droplets (~2 mm) were maintained stable in levitation using a nozzle with a 0.8 mm bore and an opening angle of 60°. The gas flow was ~250 ml min-1. Rock powders were melted and homogenized for microchemcial analyses. Laser melting produced chemically homogeneous glass spheres. Only highly (e.g. H2O) and moderately volatile components (Na, K) were partially lost. The composition of evaporated materials was determined by directly combining levitation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It is shown that the evaporated material is composed of Na > K >> Si. Levitation of metal oxide-rich material in a mixture of H2 and Ar resulted in the exsolution of liquid metal.ConclusionsLevitation melting is a rapid technique or for the preparation of bulk rock powders for major, minor and trace element analysis. With exception of moderately volatile elements Na and K, bulk rock analyses can be performed with an uncertainty of ± 5% relative. The technique has great potential for the quantitative determination of evaporated materials from silicate melts. Reduction of oxides to metal is a means for the extraction and analysis of siderophile elements from silicates and can be used to better understand the origin of chondritic metal.

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