A concept
for a passive neutral gas concentrator that facilitates
the analysis of rarefied atmospheres using mass spectrometry on spacecraft
has been developed. The efficiency of the concentrator depends strongly
on gas–surface scattering dynamics between the incoming gas
molecules and the concentrator surface. We conducted beam–surface
scattering experiments using hyperthermal beams containing atomic
and molecular oxygen with speeds of approximately 5500 m s–1, with angular and velocity resolution of the inelastically scattered
O and O2, on gold thin film, SiO2, and highly
oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces, which were chosen as
candidate concentrator surfaces. The results show clearly that atoms
and molecules scattering from HOPG have the narrowest and most superspecular
angular distributions with the least energy transferred to the surface.
A test particle model, referred to as the Statistical Program for
Aerodynamic and Radiation Pressure Coefficient Simulation, utilized
the experimental results to model gas concentration in three-dimensional
cone and annular-ring geometries constructed of the representative
materials chosen for study. The modeling results indicate that a cone
concentrator with a 10° half angle opening yields the highest
concentration factors. In addition, a cone constructed of HOPG yields
a concentration factor that is an order of magnitude higher than what
can be achieved using gold or SiO2 surfaces.