Aerobic exercise training induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and age-dependent adaptations in myofiber function in young and older men

Harber, Matthew P.; Konopka, Adam R.; Undem, Miranda K.; Hinkley, J. Matthew; Minchev, Kiril; Kaminsky, Leonard A.; Trappe, Todd A.; Trappe, Scott

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00786.2012

Cited by 170 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…This has previously been demonstrated by similar absolute increases in VO 2max in the old and young (Murias et al 2010). However, it must be acknowledged that such large improvements are not always evident, as another study (Harber et al 2012) revealed a smaller training response in the old compared to young. Yet it is important to recognize the training intensity in this study was considerably lower (60-80 % of heart rate reserve) than in the current study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Exercise-training-induced changes in metabolic capacity with age: the role of central cardiovascular plasticity

Wang

Næss

Hoff

et al. 2013

AGE

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Although aging is typically associated with a decline in maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max ), young and old subjects, of similar initial muscle metabolic capacity, increased quadriceps VO 2max equally when this small muscle mass was trained in isolation. As it is unclear if this preserved exercise-induced plasticity with age is still evident with centrally challenging whole body exercise, we assessed maximal exercise responses in 13 young (24±2 years) and 13 old (60± 3 years) males, matched for cycling VO 2max (3.82±0.66 and 3.69±0.30 L min −1 , respectively), both before and after 8 weeks of high aerobic intensity cycle exercise training. As a consequence of the training both young and old significantly improved VO 2max (13±6 vs. 6± 7 %) and maximal power output (20±6 vs. 10±6 %, respectively) from baseline, however, the young exhibited a significantly larger increase than the old. Similarly, independently assessed maximal cardiac output (Q max ) tended to increase more in the young (16 ±14 %) than in the old (11±12 %), with no change in a-vO 2 difference in either group. Further examination of the components of Q max provided additional evidence of reduced exercise-induced plasticity in both maximal heart rate (young −3 %, old 0 %) and stroke volume (young 19± 15, old 11± 11 %) in the old. In combination, these findings imply that limited central cardiovascular plasticity may be responsible, at least in part, for the attenuated response to whole body exercise training with increasing age.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Exercise-training-induced changes in metabolic capacity with age: the role of central cardiovascular plasticity

Wang

Næss

Hoff

et al. 2013

AGE

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“…The role of the other correspondingly different variables is less clear. The hypertrophic effects of aerobic training have been equivocal and somewhat controversial (Harber et al, 2012;Lundberg et al, 2013), but several studies have shown increased muscle mass and increased slow oxidative fibre size after aerobic exercise training in mammals, including humans (Schwartz et al, 1991;Schluter and Fitts, 1994;Trappe et al, 2006;Harber and Trappe, 2008;Harber et al, 2009Harber et al, , 2012Konopka et al, 2010;Lovell et al, 2010). However, although FCSA certainly contributes to force production, it is less clear how a larger FCSA might increase endurance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Making Olympic lizards: the effects of specialised exercise training on performance

Husak

Keith

Wittry

2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Exercise training is well known to affect a suite of physiological and performance traits in mammals, but effects of training in other vertebrate tetrapod groups have been inconsistent. We examined performance and physiological differences among green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis) that were trained for sprinting or endurance, using an increasingly rigorous training regimen over 8 weeks. Lizards trained for endurance had significantly higher posttraining endurance capacity compared with the other treatment groups, but groups did not show post-training differences in sprint speed. Although acclimation to the laboratory environment and training explain some of our results, mechanistic explanations for these results correspond with the observed performance differences. After training, endurance-trained lizards had higher haematocrit and larger fast glycolytic muscle fibres. Despite no detectable change in maximal performance of sprint-trained lizards, we detected that they had significantly larger slow oxidative muscle fibre areas compared with the other treatments. Treatment groups did not differ in the proportion of number of fibre types, nor in the mass of most limb muscles or the heart. Our results offer some caveats for investigators conducting training research on non-model organisms and they reveal that muscle plasticity in response to training may be widespread phylogenetically.

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“…A more recent study by Harber et al (2012) showed that quadriceps muscle volume significantly increased by 5-6% after 12 weeks of cycle training (3-4 days per week at 60-80% HR reserve) in both untrained or minimally-trained young and older men 37) . A study by Bell et al (2000), however, showed no muscle hypertrophy after 12 weeks of cycle training performed at progressively increasing intensity with sessions (initially at the ventilatory threshold up to 90% V ・ O2max) for 21-42 min per day, 3 days per week 31) .…”

Section: Muscle Hypertrophy With Endurance Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological stimuli necessary for muscle hypertrophy

Ozaki

Abe

Mikesky

et al. 2015

JPFSM

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This paper reviews the existing literature about muscle hypertrophy resulting from various types of training to document the significance of mechanical and metabolic stresses, and to challenge the conventional ideas of achieving hypertrophy that exclusively rely on highload resistance training. Low-load resistance training can induce comparable hypertrophy to that of high-load resistance training when each bout or set is performed until lifting failure. This is attributable to the greater exercise volume and metabolic stress achieved with low-load exercise at lifting failure, which, however, results in a prolonged exercise bout. Endurance exercises (walking and cycling) at moderate intensity are also capable of eliciting muscle hypertrophy, but at much slower rates (months rather than weeks) in limited muscle or age groups. Blood flow restriction (BFR) in working muscles, however, accelerates the development of metabolic fatigue, alleviating the time consuming issue associated with low-load or endurance training. These alternative training methods, however, cannot completely replace conventional high-load resistance training, which provides superior strength gain as well as performance improvement even for trained individuals. The alternative approaches, therefore, may be considered for those who are less enthusiastic or under certain medical conditions, or who have limited or no access to proper equipment. However, people should be aware that low-load resistance training or endurance training entails substantial effort and/or discomfort at lifting failure or with BFR. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each method will help in assigning the most suitable training program for each client's goals and needs.

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Aerobic exercise training induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and age-dependent adaptations in myofiber function in young and older men

Cited by 170 publications

References 50 publications

Exercise-training-induced changes in metabolic capacity with age: the role of central cardiovascular plasticity

Exercise-training-induced changes in metabolic capacity with age: the role of central cardiovascular plasticity

Making Olympic lizards: the effects of specialised exercise training on performance

Physiological stimuli necessary for muscle hypertrophy

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