Aerobic exercise training improves whole muscle and single myofiber size and function in older women

Harber, Matthew P.; Konopka, Adam R.; Douglass, Matthew; Minchev, Kiril; Kaminsky, Leonard A.; Trappe, Todd A.; Trappe, Scott

doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00354.2009

Cited by 197 publications

(231 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…While hypertrophic and strength gains have been reported following aerobic exercise in the elderly, the intensity used was relatively high for this cohort (60-80% of heart rate reserve) [86]. The benefit of aerobic exercise with BFR, is that both young [18,19] and elderly [20][21][22] populations can experience increases in muscle CSA and strength following walk or cycle training at much lower intensities, which is of particular benefit during the early progressions from surgery or illness [67].…”

Section: Elderly and Rehabilitation Participantsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Scott¹,

Loenneke

Slattery³

et al. 2014

Sports Med

262

293

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Key Points• The blood flow restriction (BFR) stimulus should be individualized for each participant. In particular, consideration should be given to the restrictive pressure applied and cuff width used.• BFR elicits the largest increases in muscular development when combined with low-load resistance exercise, though some benefits may be seen using BFR alone during immobilization or combined with low-workload cardiovascular exercise.• For healthy individuals, training adaptations are likely maximized by combining low-load BFR resistance exercise with traditional high-load resistance exercise. 2 AbstractA growing body of evidence supports the use of moderate blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with low-load resistance exercise to enhance hypertrophic and strength responses in skeletal muscle. Research also suggests that BFR during lowworkload aerobic exercise can result in small but significant morphological and strength gains, and BFR alone may attenuate atrophy during periods of unloading.While BFR appears to be beneficial for both clinical and athletic cohorts, there is currently no common consensus amongst scientists and practitioners regarding the best practice for implementing BFR methods. If BFR is not employed appropriately, there is a risk of injury to the participant. It is also important to understand how variations in the cuff application can affect the physiological responses and subsequent adaptation to BFR training. The optimal way to manipulate acute exercise variables, such as exercise type, load, volume, inter-set rest periods and training frequency, must also be considered prior to designing a BFR training program. The purpose of this review is to provide an evidence-based approach to implementing BFR exercise. These guidelines could be useful for practitioners using BFR training in either clinical or athletic settings, or for researchers in the design of future studies investigating BFR exercise.3

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Section: Elderly and Rehabilitation Participantsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Scott¹,

Loenneke

Slattery³

et al. 2014

Sports Med

262

293

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A study by Harber et al (2010) showed that Forkhead transcription factor 3A (FOXO3A), which is an indicator of proteolytic systems, significantly decreased 6 h after an acute bout of 60 min cycle exercise compared to rest 45) . Furthermore, 12 weeks of cycle training, which induced muscle hypertrophy, significantly lowered the resting level of mRNA expression of FOXO3A 47,48) . Therefore, the attenuation of protein breakdown may be another factor contributing to muscle hypertrophy following a cycling training program.…”

Section: Muscle Hypertrophy With Endurance Trainingmentioning

confidence: 96%

Physiological stimuli necessary for muscle hypertrophy

Ozaki

Abe

Mikesky

et al. 2015

JPFSM

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This paper reviews the existing literature about muscle hypertrophy resulting from various types of training to document the significance of mechanical and metabolic stresses, and to challenge the conventional ideas of achieving hypertrophy that exclusively rely on highload resistance training. Low-load resistance training can induce comparable hypertrophy to that of high-load resistance training when each bout or set is performed until lifting failure. This is attributable to the greater exercise volume and metabolic stress achieved with low-load exercise at lifting failure, which, however, results in a prolonged exercise bout. Endurance exercises (walking and cycling) at moderate intensity are also capable of eliciting muscle hypertrophy, but at much slower rates (months rather than weeks) in limited muscle or age groups. Blood flow restriction (BFR) in working muscles, however, accelerates the development of metabolic fatigue, alleviating the time consuming issue associated with low-load or endurance training. These alternative training methods, however, cannot completely replace conventional high-load resistance training, which provides superior strength gain as well as performance improvement even for trained individuals. The alternative approaches, therefore, may be considered for those who are less enthusiastic or under certain medical conditions, or who have limited or no access to proper equipment. However, people should be aware that low-load resistance training or endurance training entails substantial effort and/or discomfort at lifting failure or with BFR. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each method will help in assigning the most suitable training program for each client's goals and needs.

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“…Therefore, it appears that a reduced expression following exercise results in muscle hypertrophy through a positive change in muscle net protein balance (90). Konopka et al (27,44) have shown that 12-week cycle training induced muscle hypertrophy and significantly reduced mRNA expression of Forkhead transcription factor 3A (FOXO3A) at rest with a trend for its downstream targets, Atrogin-1 and MuRF1, to also be reduced. Furthermore, FOXO3A significantly decreased 6 hours after an acute bout of 60-minute cycle exercise compared to rest (28).…”

Section: Proteolytic Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the vigorous training intensity and/or high training frequency might hinder some older adults from participating in this type of training program. Interestingly, recent studies have reported concurrent improvements in V O 2 max and muscle hypertrophy in young and older populations after single exercise training (27,62,64,65). These single exercise modes include ambulatory exercise (walking, jogging, and running), cycling, and swimming.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cycle training induces muscle hypertrophy and strength gain: strategies and mechanisms

Ozaki¹,

Loenneke²,

Thiebaud³

et al. 2015

Acta Physiologica Hungarica

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Cycle training is widely performed as a major part of any exercise program seeking to improve aerobic capacity and cardiovascular health. However, the effect of cycle training on muscle size and strength gain still requires further insight, even though it is known that professional cyclists display larger muscle size compared to controls. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of cycle training on muscle size and strength of the lower extremity and the possible mechanisms for increasing muscle size with cycle training. It is plausible that cycle training requires a longer period to significantly increase muscle size compared to typical resistance training due to a much slower hypertrophy rate. Cycle training induces muscle hypertrophy similarly between young and older age groups, while strength gain seems to favor older adults, which suggests that the probability for improving in muscle quality appears to be higher in older adults compared to young adults. For young adults, higher-intensity intermittent cycling may be required to achieve strength gains. It also appears that muscle hypertrophy induced by cycle training results from the positive changes in muscle protein net balance.Keywords: aerobic exercise, muscular adaptation, lower body, cycling, ergometer Endurance training is a major part of any exercise program seeking to improve aerobic capacity and cardiovascular health. Another major part of exercise programming is strength/ resistance training, which improves muscle morphology. Thus to improve muscular strength and cardiovascular fitness in young, middle-aged and older populations, the American College of Sports Medicine recommends combining training intensity, volume, and frequency to optimize muscle hypertrophy and strength gain as well as aerobic capacity (V O 2 max) (23). However, the vigorous training intensity and/or high training frequency might hinder some older adults from participating in this type of training program. Interestingly, recent studies have reported concurrent improvements in V O 2 max and muscle hypertrophy in young and older populations after single exercise training (27,62,64,65). These single exercise modes include ambulatory exercise (walking, jogging, and running), cycling, and swimming.

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Aerobic exercise training improves whole muscle and single myofiber size and function in older women

Cited by 197 publications

References 57 publications

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Physiological stimuli necessary for muscle hypertrophy

Cycle training induces muscle hypertrophy and strength gain: strategies and mechanisms

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