Aerobic exercise promotes the functions of brown adipose tissue in obese mice via a mechanism involving COX2 in the VEGF signaling pathway

Liu

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

et al. 2021

The gut microbiota is closely associated with the health of the host and is affected by many factors, including exercise. In this study, we compared the gut microbial changes and exercise performance over a 14-week period in mice that performed exercise (NE; n = 15) and mice that did not perform exercise (NC; n = 15). Mice were subjected to stool collection and exercise tests one week prior to adaptive training and after 2, 6, 10, and 14 weeks of exercise. Bacteria associated with the stool samples were assessed via Illumina-based 16S rRNA gene sequencing. While there was no significant difference in body weight between the groups (p > 0.05), the NE group had a significantly higher exercise performance from weeks 2–14 (p < 0.01) and lower fat coefficient (p < 0.01) compared with the NC group. The Shannon index of the gut microbiota in the NC group was higher than that in the NE group at weeks 6 and 10, and the Chao1 index was higher than that in the NE group at week 14. Exercise performance positively correlated with the relative abundance of Phascolarctobacterium. Grouped time series data analysis demonstrated that Bifidobacteria, Coprococcus, and one unnamed genus in the Clostridiales order were significantly increased in the NE group, which correlated with increased glucose, flavonoid, arginine, and proline metabolism. In conclusion, moderate-intensity treadmill exercise significantly increased the exercise performance of mice and changed the core bacteria and bacterial metabolic activity. These results provide a reference for studying the effects of exercise intervention and exercise performance on the gut microbiota of mice.

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Moderate-Intensity Physical Exercise Affects the Exercise Performance and Gut Microbiota of Mice

Liu

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

et al. 2021

“…Beige adipose tissue is inducible and is recruited in response to beta adrenergic stimulation. Diet-induced obesity reduces the relative amount of BAT and aerobic exercise has been shown to reverse this effect and improve metabolic health ( Fu et al, 2021 ). We are gaining a better appreciation of the complexity of adipose tissue physiology and the external factors that can affect it, such as exercise.…”

Section: Remodeling Of Adipose Tissue With Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In comparison to WAT, less is known about the effects of exercise on angiogenesis in BAT. One study found that exercise in obese mice resulted in an increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and increased BAT mass relative to sedentary groups ( Fu et al, 2021 ). In contrast, another study found that angiogenic gene expression increased in WAT, but was unchanged in BAT ( Lee, 2018 ).…”

Section: Remodeling Of Adipose Tissue With Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Immune infiltrates in response to exercise have not been extensively studied in BAT when compared to WAT, however, one study found that exercise training in mice resulted in increased BAT mass and anti-inflammatory gene expression ( Fu et al, 2021 ), suggesting the anti-inflammatory effects observed in WAT may also occur in BAT.…”

Section: Remodeling Of Adipose Tissue With Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Effects of Exercise on White and Brown Adipose Tissue Cellularity, Metabolic Activity and Remodeling

Garritson

Boudina

2021

Front. Physiol.

Emerging evidence suggests a significant functional role of adipose tissue in maintaining whole-body metabolic health. It is well established that obesity leads to compositional and morphological changes in adipose tissue that can contribute to the development of cardiometabolic disorders. Thus, the function and size of adipocytes as well as perfusion and inflammation can significantly impact health outcomes independent of body mass index. Lifestyle interventions such as exercise can improve metabolic homeostasis and reduce the risk for developing cardiometabolic disorders. Adipose tissue displays remarkable plasticity in response to external stimuli such as dietary intervention and exercise. Here we review systemic and local effects of exercise that modulate white and brown adipose tissue cellularity, metabolic function and remodeling in humans and animals.

“…Another study on diet-induced obesity showed significant alterations of BAT molecular networks associated with immune cell trafficking, lipid metabolism and connective tissue development after 24 weeks of diet consumption [35]. High fat diet-induced obesity resulted in reduction of UCP1 levels and overexpression of proinflammatory genes; while aerobic exercise led to the growth of BAT and the upregulation of anti-inflammatory genes in obese mice via cyclooxygenase 2 in the VEGF pathway [36]. Another model of diet-induced obesity in rats established development of BAT fibrosis and modulation of this parameter by intermittent food restriction [37].…”

Section: Fig 4 Brown Adipose Tissue Fibrosis Level and Tissue Leukocyte Infiltrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation features of brown adipose tissue of rats with diet-induced obesity development after different regimes of melatonin administration

et al. 2021

One of the prominent obesity-related changes is the development of systemic low-grade proinflammatory state. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) may serve as a potential target for activation by melatonin to facilitate heat production and simultaneously stimulate lipolysis during obesity development. At the same time, melatonin is known to have immunomodulatory properties, which are performed via endocrine and paracrine signal pathways in variety cell types (including brown adipocytes)and change significantly during the day. Therefore, it can be used in a wide range of doses and at different times of the day (chronotherapeutic approach). Thus, the main goal of our research was to analyze the inflammation state of brown adipose tissue of rats during high-calorie diet induced-obesity development after different daily melatonin application in different regimes. Melatonin was administered by gavage for 7 weeks in dose 30 mg/kg 1 h before lights-off (HCD ZT11, M ZT11, evening), or 1 h after lights-on (HCD ZT01, M ZT01, morning). Tissue collagen content and leukocyte infiltration levels in BAT, detected by Van Gieson trichrome staining, were used as markers for the assessment of BAT inflammation state BAT. Propagation of obesity resulted in the increase of BATfibrosis level (the relative area occupied by collagen fibers) and tissue leukocyte infiltration in comparison to control rats. BAT fibrosis level after melatonin administrations to obese rats of HCD ZT01 and HCD ZT11 groups decreased to control values. Similar effects were observedinBAT tissue leukocyte infiltration after both regimes (HCD ZT01 and HCD ZT11 groups) of melatonin intake: this parameter decreased significantly, comparing to obese rats, but was still elevated, comparing to controls. At the same time, melatonin treatmentin morning or evening regimes did not have any impact on BAT fibrosis propagation and leukocyte infiltration in animals that consumed standard diet (M ZT01 and M ZT11 groups). To sum up, we suggest corrective properties of melatonin in context of chronic low-grade inflammation in obese rats BAT and suppose its wide potential for the therapeutic use combined with virtually absent side effects on BAT histophysiology of non-obese rats.