Aerobic capacities and swimming performance of Polar cod (<i>Boreogadus saida</i>Lepechin) under ocean acidification and warming conditions

Kunz, Kristina; Claireaux, Guy; Pörtner, Hans‐Otto; Knust, Rainer; Mark, Felix Christopher

doi:10.1242/jeb.184473

Cited by 26 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…In the wake of the increased attention, climate change has attained in recent years (IPCC 2014(IPCC , 2019, and the increased sea temperatures that have already been observed in the Barents Sea and other arctic areas (Smedsrud et al 2013;ICES 2017ICES , 2018, the fate of polar cod and other true arctic species has become a theme of several research projects and research articles (Christiansen 2017;Kunz et al 2018;Bender et al 2018;Koenker et al 2018;Laurel et al 2018). The motivation for studying polar cod in the climate change context is driven by the fact that this species has a circumpolar distribution and in many of the areas where it occurs, it is the dominant pelagic species (Ajiad et al 2011;Bouchard et al 2017), playing a dominant role in those ecosystems (Lowry and Frost 1981;Bradstreet et al 1986;Orlova et al 2009;Hop and Gjøsaeter 2013;Mueter et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key processes regulating the early life history of Barents Sea polar cod

et al. 2020

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The polar cod (Boreogadus saida) in the Barents Sea is one of the main stocks of this species in the Arctic, reaching a total biomass of almost 2 million tonnes in some years. It has been fluctuating considerably in abundance, and in recent years, it has been at a low level. Only small catches have been taken from the stock over the last four decades, and consequently, the observed variation in abundance must be caused by natural (environmental and/or biological) changes in the ecosystem. Sea temperatures have been rising in the Barents Sea in recent years, possibly causing changes to the living conditions of this true Arctic stock. Consequently, there is a need for investigating how the observed changes might affect polar cod in this area. One important aspect of the environmental impact on the stock is possible effect on the recruitment, which has been varying considerably from year to year. In this modelling study, we thus recreate and analyse the environmental and developmental histories of the observed 0-group individuals in the Barents Sea (young of the year), with emphasis on the importance of ice cover, ice breakup time, maximum temperature, and spawning stock biomass. Our simulations indicate that the environmental conditions experienced by individuals successfully "recruited" to the 0-group are characterized by high ice concentration well into summer, and low temperatures throughout the pelagic juvenile phase, and any perturbations from the Arctic ocean climate typically found in the northern and eastern Barents Sea appears to be detrimental to stock recruitment. In light of the projected warming of the Barents Sea in the next decades and the potential reduction in ice cover, this will entail, the mechanisms investigated herein might lead to future marginalization of polar cod in the Barents Sea.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key processes regulating the early life history of Barents Sea polar cod

et al. 2020

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“…Ocean pCO 2 , which increases from 1070 ± 239 μatm at depths of 400-800 m to 1216 ± 121 μatm under the constraint (Extended Data Figure 8), is likely to negatively affect the growth, survival 38 and behaviour 39,40 of ecologically important fish such as polar cod.…”

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confidence: 99%

Emergent constraint on Arctic Ocean acidification in the twenty-first century

Terhaar

Kwiatkowski

Bopp

2020

Nature

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The ongoing uptake of anthropogenic carbon by the ocean leads to ocean acidification, a process that results in a reduction in pH and the saturation state of biogenic calcium carbonate minerals (Ω calc/arag) 1,2. Due to naturally low Ω calc/arag 2,3 , the Arctic Ocean is considered the most susceptible region to future acidification and associated ecosystem impacts 4,5,6,7. However, the magnitude of projected twenty-first century acidification differs strongly across Earth System Models (ESMs) 8. Here we identify an emergent multi-model relationship between the simulated present-day density of Arctic Ocean surface waters, used as a proxy for Arctic deep-water formation, and projections of the anthropogenic carbon inventory and coincident acidification. Applying observations of sea surface density, we constrain the end of twenty-first century Arctic Ocean anthropogenic carbon inventory to 9.0 ± 1.6 Pg C and basin-averaged Ω arag and Ω calc to 0.76 ± 0.06 and 1.19 ± 0.09 respectively, under the RCP 8.5 climate scenario. Our results indicate greater regional anthropogenic carbon storage and ocean acidification than previously projected 3,8 and increase the probability that large parts of the mesopelagic Arctic Ocean will be undersaturated with respect to calcite by the end of the century. This increased rate of Arctic Ocean acidification combined with rapidly changing physical and biogeochemical Arctic conditions 9,10,11 , is likely to exacerbate the impact of climate change on vulnerable Arctic marine ecosystems.

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“…In the northeastern Chukchi Sea, the mean velocities of the upper 10 m of the water column in summer average ~ 8 cm s −1 , ranging from 0.5 to 22.8 cm s −1 from 2010 to 2015 (Stabeno et al 2018). In respiration experiments, maximum aerobic swim speeds of Arctic cod were 3 to 3.6 body lengths s −1 (12–14 cm s −1 for a 4‐cm fish) during burst swimming activity (Kunz et al 2018). In studies of related gadid species, routine swimming speeds of juvenile fish were 0.5 to 0.6 body lengths s −1 (2–2.4 cm s −1 for a 4‐cm fish, Peck et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomous vehicle surveys indicate that flow reversals retain juvenile fishes in a highly advective high‐latitude ecosystem

Levine

Robertis

Grünbaum

et al. 2020

Limnology & Oceanography

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Summer surveys of the Chukchi Sea indicate that high densities of age‐0 gadid fishes, historically Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) but recently also walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), dominate the pelagic fish community. Adults are comparatively scarce, suggesting that either overwinter survivorship of age‐0 gadids is low, or that they emigrate to other areas of the Pacific Arctic. To examine population movement, we conducted repeat acoustic surveys with saildrone autonomous surface vehicles equipped with echosounders throughout summer 2018. The saildrones' range and endurance enabled two large‐scale surveys of the U.S. Chukchi shelf. Acoustic backscatter, a proxy for fish density, was highest in regions with sea surface temperatures of 6–8°C, and lowest in areas influenced by recent ice melt. A subarea of the central Chukchi was surveyed a total of four times; backscatter in this subarea increased by > 85% from late‐July to mid‐September. As summer progressed, fish developed more extensive diel vertical migrations and backscatter from individuals doubled. Both changes suggest increases in backscatter were driven primarily by increasing body size. Particle tracking simulations indicated age‐0 gadids were likely retained over the Chukchi shelf by extended periods of wind‐driven southward flow during the survey period before strong northward flow in late fall transported them to the north. These findings suggest that in summer 2018, age‐0 gadids were advected northward to the Chukchi shelf from the northern Bering Sea, where they were retained during a period of growth until late fall before being advected farther north toward the Chukchi and Beaufort shelf breaks.

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Aerobic capacities and swimming performance of Polar cod (Boreogadus saidaLepechin) under ocean acidification and warming conditions

Cited by 26 publications

References 73 publications

Key processes regulating the early life history of Barents Sea polar cod

Key processes regulating the early life history of Barents Sea polar cod

Emergent constraint on Arctic Ocean acidification in the twenty-first century

Autonomous vehicle surveys indicate that flow reversals retain juvenile fishes in a highly advective high‐latitude ecosystem

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