Aerial vegetative diaspores of angiosperms: Terminology, organography, and dispersal

Zona, Scott; Howard, Cody Coyotee

doi:10.1016/j.flora.2021.151989

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…As aerial vegetative diaspores, the production of bulbils can act as an alternative or complement to sexual reproduction [ 2 ]. Bulbil formation is a rare natural phenomenon, but this character occurs in few Lilium species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bulbils appear as small bulbs that have a short stem axis surrounded by layers of swollen scale leaves and are important vegetative reproductive organs in triploid L. lancifolium . Studies from L. lancifolium have showed that bulbil formation in L. lancifolium is a notable illustration of axillary organogenesis, by which a few parenchyma cells under the epidermis undergo dedifferentiation at the leaf axils and then differentiate into a bulbil structure [ 2 , 4 ]. Previous transcriptome analysis has revealed that starch and sucrose metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction may play important roles in bulbil formation in L. lancifolium [ 4 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cytokinin pathway promoted the initiation of bulbil formation, and iPA may an important type of cytokinin during bulbil formation in L. lancifolium [ 37 ]. Although some plants produce vegetative proliferations in response to environmental stress, mechanical injury, pathogens, or exogenous hormone treatment [ 2 , 3 , 5 ], it is still unclear in Lilium species without bulbils.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lily is a perennial geophyte and cultivated for its flower and bulb. They are usually clonally propagated using daughter bulbs, bulb scales, and aerial bulbils [ 1 , 2 ]. Aerial bulbils originate from the meristems of lily leaf axils, and each bulbiferous plant can produce dozens or even hundreds of bulbils.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Full-length transcriptome-referenced analysis reveals crucial roles of hormone and wounding during induction of aerial bulbils in lily

Sun

et al. 2022

BMC Plant Biol

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Aerial bulbils are important vegetative reproductive organs in Lilium. They are often perpetually dormant in most Lilium species, and little is known about the induction of these vegetative structures. The world-famous Oriental hybrid lily cultivar ‘Sorbonne’, which blooms naturally devoid of aerial bulbils, is known for its lovely appearance and sweet fragrance. We found that decapitation stimulated the outgrowth of aerial bulbils at lower stems (LSs) and then application of low and high concentrations of IAA promoted aerial bulbils emergence around the wound at upper stems (USs) of ‘Sorbonne’. However, the genetic basis of aerial bulbil induction is still unclear. Herein, ‘Sorbonne’ transcriptome has been sequenced for the first time using the combination of third-generation long-read and next-generation short-read technology. A total of 46,557 high-quality non-redundant full-length transcripts were generated. Transcriptomic profiling was performed on seven tissues and stems with treatments of decapitation and application of low and high concentrations of IAA, respectively. Functional annotation of 1918 DEGs within stem samples of different treatments showed that hormone signaling, sugar metabolism and wound-induced genes were crucial to bulbils outgrowth. The expression pattern of auxin-, shoot branching hormone-, plant defense hormone- and wound-inducing-related genes indicated their crucial roles in bulbil induction. Then we established five hormone- and wounding-regulated co-expression modules and identified some candidate transcriptional factors, such as MYB, bZIP, and bHLH, that may function in inducing bulbils. High connectivity was observed among hormone signaling genes, wound-induced genes, and some transcriptional factors, suggesting wound- and hormone-invoked signals exhibit extensive cross-talk and regulate bulbil initiation-associated genes via multilayered regulatory cascades. We propose that the induction of aerial bulbils at LSs after decapitation can be explained as the release of apical dominance. In contrast, the induction of aerial bulbils at the cut surface of USs after IAA application occurs via a process similar to callus formation. This study provides abundant candidate genes that will deepen our understanding of the regulation of bulbil outgrowth, paving the way for further molecular breeding of lily.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Full-length transcriptome-referenced analysis reveals crucial roles of hormone and wounding during induction of aerial bulbils in lily

Sun

et al. 2022

BMC Plant Biol

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“…Yet, there are many ways to be clonal. Species can form aerial vegetative diaspores (Zona and Howard, 2022), stolons, or rhizomes, to name a few. The stoloniferous and rhizomatous habits are of particular interest because they allow plants to sprawl throughout the landscape, potentially tapping into new nutrient or water reserves, all while remaining physically united.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A bump in the node: The hydraulic implications of rhizomatous growth

Suissa

Agbleke²,

Friedman

2023

American J of Botany

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Premise Rhizomatous growth characterizes numerous taxa among vascular plants. While abundant information exists on nutrient sharing and demography, the question of how these metameric organisms move water through their bodies remains largely unstudied. Moreover, we lack an understanding of the evolutionary implications of rhizomatous growth across vascular plants. Here, we examined these questions by investigating how rhizomatous growth and vascular construction affect whole‐plant hydraulic function. Methods In five terrestrial fern species with diverse vascular construction, we used microcomputed tomography and bright‐field microscopy to examine vascular construction across nodes along the rhizome. These data were integrated with measurements of leaf stomatal conductance under rooted and uprooted conditions to relate vascular patterning and hydraulic architecture to leaf water status. Results Similar to phytomers of woody seed plants, nodal regions in rhizomatous ferns are areas of hydraulic resistance. While water is shared along the rhizomes of these investigated species, hydraulic conductivity drops at nodes and stomatal conductance declines when nodes were locally uprooted. Together, our data suggest that nodes are chokepoints in axial water movement along the rhizome. Conclusions Nodal chokepoints decrease hydraulic integration between phytomers. At the same time, chokepoints may act as “safety valves”, hydraulically localizing each phytomer—potentially decreasing embolism and pathogen spread. This suggests a potential trade‐off in the principal construction of the fern rhizome. Moreover, we propose that shoot‐borne roots (homorhizy) and the prostrate habit of rhizomatous ferns decrease the hydraulic and structural burdens that upright plants typically incur. The absence of these hydraulic and structural demands may be one reason ferns (and many rhizomatous plants) lack, or have minimally developed, secondary xylem.

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Anthropogenic and natural disturbances increase local genetic diversity in an early spring geophyte (Ficaria verna Huds)

Guicking,

Keßler,

Störmer

et al. 2023

Plant Species Biology

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The tetraploid Ficaria verna is a common spring geophyte in central Europe and is considered invasive in the USA and Canada. It is considered an almost seed‐sterile taxon, relying on vegetative reproduction by underground tubers and aerial bulbils. Recent studies have revealed high levels of population genetic diversity in F. verna, raising the question of how genetic diversity is maintained and which factors may be responsible for the observed patterns. Polymorphic nuclear microsatellite markers were established to define multi‐locus genotypes (MLGs), to analyze fine‐scale spatial genetic structure (SGS) using grid and cross‐sampling schemes, and to quantify genetic diversity within and between nine populations with different disturbance regimes in central Germany. In total, 115 MLGs were identified among a total of 347 samples. The G/N ratio varied between 0.16 and 0.70 among populations, and in each population several unique MLGs occurred. Genotypes were highly intermingled within populations, suggesting a “guerrilla” dispersal strategy. Significant SGS (negative regression slope of kinship coefficients against inter‐individual distances) was found in four out of nine populations in fine‐scale cross‐sampling (up to 4 m) and in only one population in grid sampling (up to 14.6 m). No single MLG was found in more than one population, while many alleles were shared between populations. Within‐population clonal and allelic diversity increased with greater exposure to both anthropogenic and natural disturbances. Regular gap openings, facilitated propagule establishment, and propagule dispersal by water and mowing machines are likely important factors explaining the positive effects of disturbance on local genetic diversity of F. verna.

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Aerial vegetative diaspores of angiosperms: Terminology, organography, and dispersal

Cited by 7 publications

References 134 publications

Full-length transcriptome-referenced analysis reveals crucial roles of hormone and wounding during induction of aerial bulbils in lily

Full-length transcriptome-referenced analysis reveals crucial roles of hormone and wounding during induction of aerial bulbils in lily

A bump in the node: The hydraulic implications of rhizomatous growth

Anthropogenic and natural disturbances increase local genetic diversity in an early spring geophyte (Ficaria verna Huds)

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