Aerial treatment of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria (L.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) with Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) in Australia

Hunter, David M.; Milner, Richard; Scanlan, Joe C.; Spurgin, P. A.

doi:10.1016/s0261-2194(99)00075-7

Cited by 54 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…We can gain some insights into this phenomenon from published bioassay and field efficacy data. Data from field trials of M. acridum IMI330189 (Green Muscle TM ) and FI985 (Green Guard TM ) against various acridids indicate that a consistently efficacious ([80% insect mortality) field rate is 2.5 9 10 12 conidia ha -1 (Hunter et al 2001;van der Valk 2007), which translates to 2.5 9 10 4 conidia cm -2 planar surface. A locust with a cross-sectional target area of a approximately 6 cm 2 could be expected to acquire approximately 1.5 9 10 5 conidia from a direct spray at the above rate; a small grasshopper, approximately 5 9 10 4 conidia.…”

Section: Inundative Use Against Foliar Pestsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological factors in the inundative use of fungal entomopathogens

2009

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Fungal entomopathogens have been developed in numerous countries as biocontrol agents with more than 100 mycoinsecticide products commercially available in 2006. The chief, perhaps sole, use of these mycoinsecticides has been as inundative agents, within a chemical paradigm. Large numbers of propagules are applied in an attempt to overwhelm by brute force many of the factors that keep a pathogen in nonepizootic equilibrium with its host. This review attempts to summarize what we know about the abiotic and biotic factors that affect the efficacy of these mycoinsecticides in both foliar and soil applications. Sunlight, humidity, temperature, and phylloplane-associated factors can affect both immediate efficacy and persistence on plants. Likewise, soil texture-moisture interactions, temperature, and a host of biotic factors can affect mycoinsecticides in the soil. Despite much research, our understanding of these ecological aspects is imperfect, especially in a holistic, dynamic sense.

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Section: Inundative Use Against Foliar Pestsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological factors in the inundative use of fungal entomopathogens

2009

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“…The acridid-specific fungal pathogen Metarhizium (Me.) acridum is regarded as one of the most promising agents for biological control of locusts and grasshoppers (Hunter et al, 2001;Peng et al, 2008). Furthermore, Metarhizium has become an excellent model organism to explore a number of questions at the molecular and biochemical level (Gao et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MaHog1, a Hog1-type mitogen-activated protein kinase gene, contributes to stress tolerance and virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium acridum

2012

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Fungal biocontrol agents have great potential in integrated pest management. However, poor efficacy and sensitivity to various adverse factors have hampered their wide application. In eukaryotic cells, Hog1 kinase plays a critical role in stress responses. In this study, MaHog1 (GenBank accession no. EFY85878), encoding a member of the Hog1/Sty1/p38 mitogenactivated protein kinase family in Metarhizium (Me.) acridum, was identified. Targeted gene disruption was used to analyse the role of MaHog1 in virulence and tolerance of adverse factors. Mutants with MaHog1 depletion showed increased sensitivity to high osmotic stress, high temperature and oxidative stress, and exhibited remarkable resistance to cell wall-disturbing agents. These results suggest that Hog1 kinase has a conserved function in regulating multistress responses among fungi, and that MaHog1 might influence cell wall biogenesis in Me. acridum. Bioassays conducted with topical inoculation and intrahaemocoel injection revealed that MaHog1 is required for both penetration and postpenetration development of Me. acridum. MaHog1 disruption resulted in a significant reduction in virulence, likely due to the combination of a decrease in conidial germination, a reduction in appressorium formation and a decline in growth rate in insect haemolymph, which might be caused by impairing fungal tolerance of various stresses during infection.

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“…Metarhizium acridum, an entomopathogenic fungus, has been used as a biocontrol agent in some countries in Africa, Asia, and Australia (Bateman et al, 1998;Hunter et al, 2001;Lomer et al, 1993;Peng et al, 2008). It has proven to be useful as a model organism for studying the insect-fungal pathogen interactions (Roberts and St. Leger, 2004;Gao et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%