Aerial Drones Reveal the Dynamic Structuring of Sea Turtle Breeding Aggregations and Minimum Survey Effort Required to Capture Climatic and Sex-Specific Effects

Abstract

Quantifying how animals use key habitats and resources for their survival allows managers to optimise conservation planning; however, obtaining representative sample sizes of wildlife distributions in both time and space is challenging, particularly in the marine environment. Here, we used unoccupied aircraft systems (UASs) to evaluate temporal and spatial variation in the distribution of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) at two high-density breeding aggregations in the Mediterranean, and the effect of varying sample size and survey frequency. In May–June of 2017 to 2019, we conducted 69 surveys, assimilating 10,075 inwater turtle records at the two sites. Optimal time interval between surveys to capture the dynamics of aggregations over the breeding period was <2-week intervals and >500 turtles (from the combined surveys). This minimum threshold was attributed to the core-area use of female turtles shifting across surveys in relation to wind direction to access warmer nearshore waters and male presence. Males were more widely distributed within aggregations than females, particularly in May when mating encounters were high. Most males were recorded swimming and oriented parallel to shore, likely to enhance encounter rates with females. In contrast, most females were generally stationary (resting on the seabed or basking), likely to conserve energy for reproduction, with orientation appearing to shift in relation to male numbers at the breeding area. Thus, by identifying the main factors regulating the movement and distribution of animals, appropriate survey intervals can be selected for appropriate home range analyses. Our study demonstrates the versatility of UASs to capture the fine-scale dynamics of wildlife aggregations and associated factors, which is important for implementing effective conservation.

A pilot study to estimate the population size of endangered Galápagos marine iguanas using drones

“…This easily-collected information could allow us to study the reproductive behavior of the marine iguana without the need for further extensive fieldwork. Previous studies have already proven the potential of aerial images to not only monitor communities, but also to study their mating dynamics [ 39 , 40 ], and with the proper ground calibration, the body sizes of individuals can be accurately measured [ 8 ], enabling us to distinguish age classes, sex, and potentially health status. Likewise, by georeferencing marine iguanas, we can study patterns of occurrence and aggregation across the islands and characterize their habitat quality [ 41 ].…”

Advancing Sea Turtle Monitoring at Nesting and Near Shore Habitats with UAVs, Data Loggers, and State of the Art Technologies

“…Leveraging UAVs facilitates the acquisition of time series data with high resolution, enabling the identification of temporal and spatial patterns in the in-water behavior of animals [52]. It allows for the monitoring of local foraging and breeding aggregations [53,54], as well as the documentation of responses to both natural and anthropogenic stressors and habitat attributes [55]. Understanding the influencing factors and the evolving structure of aggregations and behavioral variations, within and across seasons, holds the potential to inform conservation management interventions [56], such as the implementation of activity zoning and fisheries regulations.…”