Aeolian Sky packaged chemicals pollution incident

Marine debris survey manual

“…Initially, studies most often involved beach surveys (e.g., Gregory 1977;Dixon and Dixon 1980, 1981bMerrell 1984Merrell , 1985Henderson and Pillos 1985), which Dixon and Dixon (1981a) suggested were the most cost-effective monitoring strategy for debris. However, recent attempts to directly assess debris in the open ocean, usually on vessels of opportunity, have increased (e.g., Gregory et al 1984;Dahlberg and Day 1985;Jones and Ferrero 1985;Yoshida and Baba 1985, a and b;Ignell and Dahlberg 1986;Mio and Takebama 1988;Yagi and Nomura 1988;Nasu and Hiramatsu 1990).…”

“…Cargo spill (Dixon and Dixon 1981b) Polystyrene spherules (Kartar et al 1973(Kartar et al , 1976 Provide data on time and space scales to allow identification of input decay rates; linked to prediction. Sampling is frequent and intense in a small area for a short time period.…”

“…For example, wind direction plays a large part in the deposition of debris on beaches in the United Kingdom (Dixon and Dixon 1981a). Therefore, in this situation, information regarding offshore and onshore winds is important for determining sampling times.…”

“…Because experienced observers see more than inexperienced observers, an inexperienced observer should be paired with an experienced observer. Whenever possible, for different cruises during the study, the same observers should be involved in the field work to help control observer variability (Day and Shaw 1987;Dixon (T.R. ) and Dixon 1983 Nasu and Hiramatsu 1990).…”

“…Beach surveys are known to give a distorted picture of the composition of marine debris owing to different fates of materials at sea (Dixon and Dixon 1981a). To date, no attempts have been made to assess what proportion of debris discharged from ships at sea later washes ashore.…”