Aedes mosquitoes acquire and transmit Zika virus by breeding in contaminated aquatic environments

Du, Senyan; Liu, Yang; Liu, Jianying; Zhao, Jie; Champagne, Clara; Tong, Liangqin; Zhang, Renli; Zhang, Fuchun; Cheng, Qi; Ma, Ping; Chen, Chun Hong; Liang, Guodong; Liu, Qiyong; Shi, Pei Yong; Cazelles, Bernard; Wang, Penghua; Tian, Huaiyu; Cheng, Gong

doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09256-0

Cited by 57 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Precision of this sample achieved 12%, meaning that target concentration in this sample was between 20 and 26 genomic copies per µL. Experimental ZIKV infection of mosquitoes shows that usually a ZIKV positive mosquito has approximately 10⁴ genomic copies [ 6 ]. The sensitivity of RT-dPCR allows for ZIKV detection with similar sensitivity (≃2.8 × 10⁴) in a pool of 10 mosquitoes, which could represent 2.8 x 10 3 genomic copies per mosquito.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RT-dPCR in Mosquito Samples for ZIKV Detection: Effects of RNA Extraction and Reverse Transcription in Target Concentration

Almeida

Eisen

Demoliner

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Zika virus (ZIKV) is an important arbovirus, responsible for recent outbreaks of Guillain Barré Syndrome and Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). After thousands of CZS cases, ZIKV is under constant surveillance in Brazil. Reliable and robust detection techniques are required to minimize the influence of host inhibitors from clinical samples and mosquito pool samples. Reverse transcription Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-dPCR) is a technique that allows the accurate quantification of DNA targets with high sensitivity, and it is usually less affected by inhibitors than RT-qPCR. This study aimed to assess the influence of mosquito tissue, RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis in ZIKV PCR detection. Samples containing 0, 3 and 10 mosquitoes were spiked with ZIKV MR766 and serially diluted prior to RNA extraction and RT-dPCR for ZIKV. Two reverse transcription protocols were tested. Assay sensitivity allowed the detection of 1.197 copies/µL. A higher correlation between dilution factor and target quantification was observed in 10 mosquito pool samples. The lower quantification in samples diluted without mosquitoes highlights the critical role of the reverse transcription step in RNA detection, since it could be attributed to reverse transcriptase variable performance in samples with low overall RNA concentration. The results in mosquito pools indicate that mosquito tissues do not inhibit ZIKV RT-dPCR, and the RT-dPCR technique has good sensitivity and robustness for ZIKV detection in mosquito pool samples regardless of mosquito tissue concentration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RT-dPCR in Mosquito Samples for ZIKV Detection: Effects of RNA Extraction and Reverse Transcription in Target Concentration

Almeida

Eisen

Demoliner

et al. 2020

Viruses

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“…It is also important to understand that the complete sylvatic cycle can be maintained in forests in the presence of vertebrate reservoirs [39]. A recent publication showed that Aedes mosquitoes can also be contaminated with ZIKV by breeding in contaminated aquatic environments [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural infection and vertical transmission of two flaviviruses (Yellow fever and Zika) in mosquitoes in primary forests in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro (Diptera: Culicidae)

Alencar

et al. 2019

Preprint

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27 Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) was recently introduced in the American continent, 28 probably transmitted by Aedes aegypti and possibly by Ae. albopictus and Culex 29 quinquefasciatus in urban environments. ZIKV represents a known public health 30 problem as it has been involved in newborn cases of congenital microcephaly in South 31 America since 2005. The transmission of this virus in forested areas of other countries 32 and its relative ubiquity in relation to its vectors and reservoirs raises suspicions of its 33 adaptation to non-human modified environments (i.e., natural forests reserve) or on this 34 continent, similar to those seen for Yellow fever virus (YFV). The objective of this 35 work was to have an epidemiological monitoring tool mapping insects as well as 36 circulating arboviruses in wild areas with low human interference. This study was based 37 on the history of the insect flavivirus spreading cycle. Methods/Principal Findings: 38 Using a previously described sensitive PCR-based assay to assess the conserved NS5 39 region of the Flavivirus genus, both YFV partial genome and ZIKV were found in pools 40 of Aedes albopictus, a sylvatic mosquito adapted to human-modified environments, and 41 in Haemagogus leucocelaenus, a sylvatic mosquito. Conclusions: This is the first report 42 of natural infection by ZIKV in mosquitoes in a sylvatic environment on the American 43 continent. The wide distribution of these mosquitoes is probably important in the 44 transmission of ZIKV. Vertical transmission indicates a higher efficiency for the 45 maintenance and transmission of the virus in nature as well as the presence of the ZIKV 46 in permanent character in the forest areas as it occurs with the YFV thus making more 47 difficult the prevention of new cases of Zika in humans.48 49 50 3 51 Author Summary 52 Arboviruses are diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors, hence the origin of the term 53 ARthropod BOrne VIRUS, which is adopted since 1942. This work had as objective to 54 survey the circulating insects as well as to detect the presence of viruses in them. 55 Arboviruses circulate between insects and vertebrate hosts, having importance for 56 promoting diseases in humans and animals. The diseases most known at the time, due to 57 the recent cases reported by South America, are Dengue, Zika, Yellow Fever and 58 Chikungunya. For this study, we used appropriate traps to collect the insects and their 59 eggs in wild areas where there is little human interference. After collection, mosquitoes 60 and / or eggs were identified and separated as to the source and species. The eggs were 61 kept in laboratory conditions for the hatching of new insects. All the insects obtained 62 were separated into pools to be macerated and thus extract the RNA from the viruses to 63 be studied. Using molecular biology techniques, in our case the RT-PCR (Reverse 64 Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction), we amplified the RNA and in sequentially, 65 we performed the sequencing reaction. With sequencing, it is possible to iden...

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“…The vector usually breeds in contaminated aquatic environments, for example, stagnant wastewater, and others, thus people living in homes with such breeding sites are prone to mosquito transmission of ZIKV. Aedes mosquito larvae and pupae can acquire ZIKV from contaminated aquatic systems, including urine, resulting in ZIKV infected adult females [73,74]. In contrast with other mosquito species, Aedes mosquitoes are often distributed in urban areas and usually breed in indoor and outdoor settings in a wide variety of natural and artificial waterholding containers such as plastic tanks, cement tanks, flower vases, water storage jars, and rubber tires, among others [75].…”

Section: Determinantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human social factors may determine ZIKV infection, for example, human density and poverty, among others, are related to higher rates of transmission of Aedesborne pathogens amongst humans [73]. More impoverished African rural areas have lower quality housing and poor drainage, without window screens [74], leading to higher mosquito abundance and biting rates [79]. Besides, population movements among African countries, primarily as refugees, determine the rate of spread of infection into pathogenfree areas [76,77].…”

Section: Determinantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides, population movements among African countries, primarily as refugees, determine the rate of spread of infection into pathogenfree areas [76,77]. Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity favour breeding of mosquitoes and thus play a critical role in sustaining the mosquito population carrying the ZIKV [73,74]. Given the warm tropical climate in most parts of Africa, Aedes mosquitoes easily thrive, presenting a significant risk of transmitting not only ZIKV but also other mosquitoborne infections.…”

Section: Determinantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zika Virus in Africa: Epidemiology and Determinants

Obore

Papabathini

Ghimire

et al. 2019

JAMMR

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Zika virus (ZIKV) that was less known for decades suddenly became a global health emergency at the beginning of 2016. The virus was first discovered in the Zika forest of Uganda in 1947, and the first confirmed human infection was reported in Uganda between1962-1963. From its origin in East Africa, ZIKV then spread to West and Central Africa with a limited occurrence in North Africa. ZIKV has been circulating in Africa for over 60 years, but less attention had been given, not until its recent outbreaks outside Africa and its discovered association with adverse congenital disabilities. ZIKV is known to cause several debilitating neurological complications, including microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in adults. This review thus aims to highlight the epidemiological evidence and distribution of ZIKV in Africa with a focus on determinants, complications as well as management. We used literature searched from key databases such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, among others, to collect relevant current information about ZIKV in Africa. Climate, sociodemographic factors, and increasing human density impact the spread of ZIKV in Africa, as in other areas. Furthermore, ZIKV transmission is affected by several unique factors, including the potential risk of sexual transmission, as well as vast numbers of refugees and other travellers from ZIKA endemic areas across Africa, and all over the world. The review identifies the need to improve surveillance mechanisms and focusing on vector control as critical steps to enable prompt detection and avert potential outbreaks of the disease in the continent.

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Aedes mosquitoes acquire and transmit Zika virus by breeding in contaminated aquatic environments

Cited by 57 publications

References 45 publications

RT-dPCR in Mosquito Samples for ZIKV Detection: Effects of RNA Extraction and Reverse Transcription in Target Concentration

RT-dPCR in Mosquito Samples for ZIKV Detection: Effects of RNA Extraction and Reverse Transcription in Target Concentration

Natural infection and vertical transmission of two flaviviruses (Yellow fever and Zika) in mosquitoes in primary forests in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro (Diptera: Culicidae)

Zika Virus in Africa: Epidemiology and Determinants

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