Advice weighting as a novel measure for belief flexibility in people with psychotic-like experiences

Scheunemann, Jakob; Gawęda, Łukasz; Reininger, Klaus Michael; Jelinek, Lena; Hildebrandt, Helmut; Moritz, Steffen

doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.12.016

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The relationship between advice-following and paranoia also supports the role of trust in an adviser's intentions in social learning from advice. In previous studies, participants with high levels of paranoia did not differ from the general population in revising their choices after observing others' choices [ 37 , 38 ]. Our findings constitute a conceptual replication of this effect (in the observation block), but suggest that the effects of paranoia on social learning might depend on the means by which information is transmitted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the increased tendency to believe that others have harmful intentions, even when true intentions are ambiguous [ 35 , 36 ], we might expect higher levels of paranoia to be associated with lower levels of trust in others and, consequently, a reduced tendency to follow advice. Importantly, no such patterns should be observed in the realm of eavesdropping, since a demonstrator's intentions are not a relevant concern in this scenario [ 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trusting and learning from others: immediate and long-term effects of learning from observation and advice

2021

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Social learning underpins our species's extraordinary success. Learning through observation has been investigated in several species, but learning from advice—where information is intentionally broadcast—is less understood. We used a pre-registered, online experiment ( n = 1492) combined with computational modelling to examine learning through observation and advice. Participants were more likely to immediately follow advice than to copy an observed choice, but this was dependent upon trust in the adviser: highly paranoid participants were less likely to follow advice in the short term. Reinforcement learning modelling revealed two distinct patterns regarding the long-term effects of social information: some individuals relied fully on social information, whereas others reverted to trial-and-error learning. This variation may affect the prevalence and fidelity of socially transmitted information. Our results highlight the privileged status of advice relative to observation and how the assimilation of intentionally broadcast information is affected by trust in others.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trusting and learning from others: immediate and long-term effects of learning from observation and advice

2021

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“…In previous studies, participants with high levels of paranoia did not differ from the general population in revising their choices after observing others' choices 36,37 . Our findings constitute a conceptual replication of this effect (in the observation block), but suggest that the effects of paranoia on social learning might depend on the means by which information is transmitted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Given the increased tendency to believe that others have harmful intentions, even when true intentions are ambiguous [33][34][35] , we might expect higher levels of paranoia to reduce the tendency to follow advice. Importantly, no such patterns should be observed in the realm of eavesdropping, since a demonstrator's intentions are not a relevant concern in this scenario 36,37 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Accepted Paper_Trusting and learning from others: immediate and long-term effects of learning from observation and advice

Hertz¹,

Bell²,

Raihani³

2021

Preprint

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Social learning underpins our species’ extraordinary success. Learning through observation has been investigated in several species but learning from advice – where information is intentionally broadcast – is less understood. We used a pre-registered, online experiment (N=1492) combined with computational modelling to examine learning through observation and advice. Participants were more likely to immediately follow advice than to copy an observed choice but this was dependent upon trust in the adviser: highly paranoid participants were less likely to follow advice in the short-term. Reinforcement learning modelling revealed two distinct patterns regarding the long-term effects of social information: some individuals relied fully on social information whereas others reverted to trial-and-error learning. This variation may affect prevalence and fidelity of socially-transmitted information. Our results highlight the privileged status of advice relative to observation and how assimilation of intentionally-broadcasted information is affected by trust in others.

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“…We have no explanation as to why this could be the case but it deserves to be tested. Otherwise, a single trial is clearly unreliable and we should have administered other JTC paradigms concurrently, for example, the "Judge Advisor System" (Scheunemann et al, 2020) or the "What is this?" task (Serrano-Guerrero et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged rather than hasty decision-making in schizophrenia using the box task. Must we rethink the jumping to conclusions account of paranoia?

Moritz

Scheunemann

Lüdtke

et al. 2020

Schizophrenia Research

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Jumping to conclusions (JTC) is the best established cognitive bias in schizophrenia and is increasingly targeted in interventions aimed to improve positive symptoms. To address shortcomings of the standard measure to capture JTC, the beads task, we developed a new variant-the box task-which was subsequently validated in people with elevated psychotic-like experiences. For the first time, the box task was administered in a sample of individuals with manifest schizophrenia. We hypothesized that patients with schizophrenia would display an elevated JTC bias relative to controls. Method: We recruited a large sample of 101 patients with schizophrenia and matched them to an online sample recruited from the general population. In the box task, participants must decide which of two kinds of colored balls are presented more often. Participants are told that the task may end prematurely, and that task performance will be counted as an error if no decision had been made before that point. The primary measure was the number of draws to decision (DTD), where fewer DTD corresponds to greater JTC. Results: In contrast to expectations, participants with schizophrenia showed significantly higher DTD (i.e., reduced JTC). Consistent with our previous findings, patients also displayed a lowered decision threshold compared to controls. Response confidence for the final decision was lower in patients and correlated with self-esteem and positive symptoms. While there was evidence that previous knowledge of the box task lowered DTD, exclusion of participants with experience on the box task did not substantially change results. Discussion: The study fits a growing body of experiments casting doubt on the generalizability of the JTC effect in schizophrenia across different tasks. While the study tentatively supports a liberal acceptance account of psychosis, caution is warranted and we recommend that research should explore and control for potentially important mediators (e.g., task difficulty, stress, test-taking attitudes).

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Advice weighting as a novel measure for belief flexibility in people with psychotic-like experiences

Cited by 12 publications

References 52 publications

Trusting and learning from others: immediate and long-term effects of learning from observation and advice

Trusting and learning from others: immediate and long-term effects of learning from observation and advice

Accepted Paper_Trusting and learning from others: immediate and long-term effects of learning from observation and advice

Prolonged rather than hasty decision-making in schizophrenia using the box task. Must we rethink the jumping to conclusions account of paranoia?

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