“…Both schemes have proven to be efficient for handling moral hazard and adverse selection (see Holmstrom, 1979;Shavell, 1979;Pauly, 1974;Stiglitz, 1976, for partial insurance, andChiappori et al, 1994;Dionne and Lasserre, 1985, for experience rating). A number of empirical tests have been proposed to measure the efficiency of such mechanisms for road safety (Sloan et al, 1995;Boyer and Dionne, 1989) or to measure the presence of residual asymmetric information problems in insurers' portfolios (Chiappori and Salanié, 2000;Dionne, Gouriéroux and Vanasse, 2001;Cohen and Siegelman, 2010;Dionne, Pinquet, Maurice and Vanasse, 2011a;Dionne, Michaud and Dahchour, 2011b).…”