“…Past research has delineated several high-risk factors for precipitating respiratory adverse events, including upper respiratory tract infections, pulmonary diseases, age younger than 6 years, OSA, type of airway device, obesity, type of surgery, and the involvement of specialized pediatric anesthesiologists [5][6][7] . Continuous exploration of perioperative strategies aimed at mitigating PRAE associated with anesthesia is underway, encompassing but not limited to the utilization of laryngeal masks [8,9] , intravenous anesthesia induction [10] , single or continuous intravenous lidocaine administration [11] , preoperative sedation with midazolam or dexmedetomidine, [12] preoperative anticholinergic use [13] , and extubation in deep Anesthesia versus awake state [14,15] . Nevertheless, the applicability of certain interventions may be restricted in speci c scenarios; for instance, di culties in venous access pose challenges in implementing intravenous induction in pediatric patients, while airway surgeries preclude the use of laryngeal masks.…”