Adverse parenting and other childhood experience as risk factors for depression in women aged 18–44 years

Parental bonding instrument and the inventory to diagnose depression lifetime version in a volunteer sample of Japanese workers

“…Comparisons of the PBI scores between subjects with and without a lifetime history of depression served to correlate lifetime history of depression with lower maternal care. This was also in good agreement with the results of previous Western studies (Duggan et al, 1998;Kendler et al, 1993;Oakley-Browne et al, 1995;Parker et al, 1995), which correlated lifetime history of depression with low parental care in nonclinical samples. These results suggest that parental styles in Japan, much like those in Western countries, can be described by two PBI dimensions (care and protection) and that parental styles, as measured by the PBI, may also be associated with the pathogenesis of depression in Japanese subjects.…”

“…Most studies investigating PBI scores have been conducted in Australia (Boyce et al, 1991;Mackinnon et al, 1989), New Zealand (Oakley-Browne et al, 1995), the U.S.A. (Plantes et al, 1988), and European countries (Kerver et al, 1992;Rodgers, 1996a,b), and most subjects have been Caucasian. Little is known about the PBI scores in non-Western countries.…”

Relationship of childhood maltreatment to the onset and course of major depression in adulthood

“…Numerous studies have found significant associations between the occurrence of childhood maltreatment and risk for depression throughout the lifespan [Bifulco et al, 1991;Briere and Runtz, 1991;Brown and Moran, 1994;Kaplan et al, 1998;Kessler and Magee, 1993;Mullen et al, 1996;Oakley-Browne et al, 1995;Portegijs et al, 1996;Saunders et al, 1992;Silverman et al, 1996;Zlotnick et al, 1995;Windle et al, 1995;Young et al, 1997]. In contrast, there have been relatively few studies examining the longitudinal characteristics (e.g., onset, course, and comorbidity) of depression in individuals with self-reported childhood abuse.…”

Childhood neglect and abuse as predictors of antidepressant response in adult depression

“…[8] In two retrospective studies involving more than 25,000 adult members of a large health maintenance organization, adverse childhood experiences were found to increase risk for depressive disorders and depressed effect. [9,10] One well-documented approach to measuring childhood experiences is the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) developed by Parker et al [11] Created more than 25 years ago, this self-report tool has been used around the world with community and clinical samples; in Australia, [12] Japan, [13,14] the Netherlands, [15] New Zealand, [3,16] the United States, [5] and throughout Europe. [17] The PBI asks the respondent to reflect on the level of perceived care and protection received from one's mother and father before age 17.…”