Adverse Effects of Fine-Particle Exposure on Joints and Their Surrounding Cells and Microenvironment

Abstract

Current understanding of the health risks and adverse effects upon exposure to fine particles is premised on the direct association of particles with target organs, particularly the lung; however, fine-particle exposure has also been found to have detrimental effects on sealed cavities distant to the portal-of-entry, such as joints. Moreover, the fundamental toxicological issues have been ascribed to the direct toxic mechanisms, in particular, oxidative stress and proinflammatory responses, without exploring the indirect mechanisms, such as compensated, adaptive, and secondary effects. In this Review, we recapitulate the current findings regarding the detrimental effects of fine-particle exposure on joints, the surrounding cells, and microenvironment, as well as their deteriorating impact on the progression of arthritis. We also elaborate the likely molecular mechanisms underlying the particle-induced detrimental influence on joints, not limited to direct toxicity, but also considering the other indirect mechanisms. Because of the similarities between fine air particles and engineered nanomaterials, we compare the toxicities of engineered nanomaterials to those of fine air particles. Arthritis and joint injuries are prevalent, particularly in the elderly population. Considering the severity of global exposure to fine particles and limited studies assessing the detrimental effects of fine-particle exposure on joints and arthritis, this Review aims to appeal to a broad interest and to promote more research efforts in this field.

Long- and Intermediate-Term Ambient Particulate Pollution Is Associated with Increased Osteoarthritis Risk: A Population-Based Prospective Analysis

“…48,49 In addition, the activation of adaptive immune responses might be another early event induced by fine particles in osteoarthritis. 49 A previous study revealed that BC may induce systemic inflammation and oxidative stress by downregulating DNA methylation, resulting in adverse osteoarthritis outcomes. 50 Strengths and Limitations of This Study.…”

“…Furthermore, exposure to BC particles gives rise to synovial inflammation, articular degeneration, and osteoblast differentiation impairment. , Fine particles could also induce indirect adverse effects on joints via systemic inflammatory mechanisms, such as through inflammatory cytokines, infiltration of immune cells, particularly macrophages, and metabolic disorders (Figure S24). , In addition, the activation of adaptive immune responses might be another early event induced by fine particles in osteoarthritis . A previous study revealed that BC may induce systemic inflammation and oxidative stress by downregulating DNA methylation, resulting in adverse osteoarthritis outcomes …”

Biological impacts of the green synthesized silver nanoparticles on the pregnant albino rats and their fetuses

“…Metal ions released from transition metals and metal oxide nanoparticles can activate Fenton reactions and generate ROS by producing hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and hydroxyl radicals (OH·) (Sharifi et al, 2012). ROS can activate several signaling pathways, including the NF‐κB pathway, the MAPK pathway, and the mTOR pathway (Anozie & Dalhaimer, 2017; Nishanth et al, 2011; Zhang et al, 2019). Zhang et al (2021) indicated that these signaling pathways regulate some vital and critical cellular processes such as inflammation, growth and proliferation, metabolism, and cell death.…”

“…AgNPs-treated rats (e, f) represented a few alterations in the renal tissue as increased capsular space (arrow head) and expansion of intertubular parenchyma (star). Sn-AgNPs-treated rats (g, h) showed increased capsular space (arrow head) and degeneration of tubular epithelia (curved arrow) Dalhaimer, 2017;Nishanth et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2019). Zhang et al (2021) indicated that these signaling pathways regulate some vital and critical cellular processes such as inflammation, growth and proliferation, metabolism, and cell death.…”

Recent advances in enzyme-related biomaterials for arthritis treatment

“…OA and RA are both inflammatory joint diseases that involve joint and synovial destruction and immune cell infiltration ( Zhang et al, 2019-03 ) and is associated with joint pain, swelling, and limited movement, resulting in a decline in physical function, increased dependence and reduced quality of life. Furthermore, the prevalence of OA and RA is expected to increase significantly as the global population ages.…”