Adverse Effects of Drugs on the Respiratory Muscles

ED50 and ED95 of Remimazolam Tosilate Combined with Different Doses of Fentanyl in Elderly Patients for Painless Gastroscopy

“… 33 Another factor causing benzodiazepines-induced hiccups could be a direct stimulation of the diaphragm contractility. 34 In our study, complications such as reflux aspiration and gastric injury did not increase in patients with hiccups during gastroscopy, nor did they affect the doctor’s operation of gastroscopy. However, according to Vanner’s study, about 40% of patients with hiccups after induction of anesthesia have detectable gastroesophageal reflux.…”

An Unusual Cause of Intractable Hiccups

“…18 Steroids, opioids, and benzodiazepines can also lead to hiccups. [19][20][21] Steroids can directly stimulate the reflex arc; benzodiazepines can directly stimulate the inspiratory muscles; and opioids can elicit hiccups by an unknown mechanism. [19][20][21] An unremarkable brain and cervical spine MRI scan ruled out lesions affecting our patient's central processing unit and afferent-efferent pathways in the cervical region.…”

“… 18 Steroids, opioids, and benzodiazepines can also lead to hiccups. 19 – 21 Steroids can directly stimulate the reflex arc; benzodiazepines can directly stimulate the inspiratory muscles; and opioids can elicit hiccups by an unknown mechanism. 19 – 21 …”