Adverse childhood experiences and association with health, mental health, and risky behavior in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Almuneef, Maha; Hollinshead, Dana M.; Saleheen, Hassan; AlMadani, Sereen; Derkash, Bridget T.; AlBuhairan, Fadia; Alenezi, Shuliweeh; Fluke, John D.

doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.09.003

Cited by 63 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The association between exposure to different forms of ACEs (neglect and abuse) with depression, and the association between a high ACE score and depression, is consistent with what has been reported in other studies [21, 23]. Traumatic events during childhood have prolonged effects on the personality and emotions of individuals, with many studies showing that the abnormality of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a regular consequence of ACEs and might be the cause of psychopathological conditions in adults [24].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Adverse childhood experiences and their relationship to gender and depression among young adults in Iraq: a cross-sectional study

2019

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BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are considered as universal public health problem that associate with mental disorders and risky behaviors during adulthood. The aims of the paper are to estimate the prevalence of Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among young adults in Iraq as well as to estimate the association between ACEs and depression.MethodsA convenience sample of young adults of 18–20 years was chosen from centre and west of Iraq, mainly from universities. The adverse childhood experiences were measured by Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire. A depression scale was derived from the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). Statistical tests: chi square was used to measure the association between adverse childhood experiences and other variables like gender and depression. Odds ratios were computed to estimate the risk for depression. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe total number of participants was 401, 38.9% of the subjects were men, while 61.1% were women. The mean age of the participants was 18.88 ± 0.745. The results revealed that the most common forms of ACEs among the subjects were physical neglect (19.8%) and emotional neglect (19.2%) followed by physical abuse (17.21%) while sexual abuse was 7.52%.There was statistically significant association between most forms of adverse childhood experiences especially emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse and physical neglect with depression.ConclusionACEs are not uncommon among young adults in Iraq and are associated with depression in adulthood. National programmes to support mental health rehabilitation might be necessary to reduce the effect of ACEs among Iraqi people, especially for adolescents and young adults.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Adverse childhood experiences and their relationship to gender and depression among young adults in Iraq: a cross-sectional study

2019

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“…Throughout the Arabian Gulf region, many studies have depicted various forms of physical abuse among children presenting at healthcare facilities (Almuneef et al 2016b ; Al-Mahroos 2007 ). Physical abuse during maltreatment can lead to bruising, abrasion, bites, burns, torn lips, fractures, retinal hemorrhages and subdural hemorrhage.…”

Section: Prevailing Data In Arabian Gulf: Physical Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-Cultural Constraints in Protecting Child Rights in a Society in Transition: A Review and Synthesis from Oman

2020

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In line with international best practice, the Arabian Gulf countries have ratified the Convention on the Right of the Child (CRC), which has some clauses on child abuse and neglect. The present discourse, made from within an Arabian Gulf society, specifically Oman, reviews the socio-cultural differences of the region and explores the potential regional challenges for effectively implementing the CRC mandated child protection legislation. The international best practices evolved for individualistic, "guilt-based" societies, which may need to be modified to suit the "shame-based" collective societies in the Arabian Gulf where the individual autonomy is overridden by that of the family and society. This may mean that the entire spectrum of child abuse may need to be studied in-depth, starting from what constitutes child abuse and neglect, the methods adopted for identifying cases, setting preventive measures in place, applying penal and corrective action on the perpetrators, and helping the victims recover. It is posited that while modifying the laws may be straightforward, implementation of certain clauses may initially come into conflict with deeply engrained sociocultural conventions on these societies which have different parenting styles and childrearing practices. The country in focus is Oman. Pointing out the sparsity of research on the topic in the region, the study suggests additional research to understand how to reconcile these sociocultural constraints with the international best practices of protecting child rights. Keywords Convention on the right of the child. Children's rights. Social policy. Children at risk. Child indicators across the border. Oman. Arabian gulf region

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“…Adverse childhood experience (ACE-the main exposure) was measured using the World Health Organisation's Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) [16][17][18]. This scale is intended to measure ACEs in all countries and is designed for administration to people aged 18 years and older.…”

Section: Study Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood adversity and self-poisoning: A hospital case control study in Sri Lanka

et al. 2020

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Introduction Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) have been recognized as an important risk factor for suicidal behaviour among adults, but evidence from low and middle-income countries is lacking. This study explored associations between ACE and hospital admission due to non-fatal self-poisoning in Sri Lanka. Methods This was a case-control study. Adults admitted to a tertiary care hospital for medical management of self-poisoning were included as cases, and age and sex matched controls were recruited from the outpatient department. ACE were measured using the World Health Organization’s Childhood Adversity Scale. Logistic regression models adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, and religion were used to quantify the association between ACE and self-poisoning. Results The study included 235 cases and 451 controls. Cases were 2.5 times (95% CI 1.8, 3.6) more likely to report an ACE than controls and had higher ACE scores. Childhood physical abuse (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.2, 19.0) and emotional abuse or neglect (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.3, 10.1, and 3.7, 95% CI 2.3, 6.0 respectively), increased the risk of self-poisoning in adulthood, as did witnessing household violence (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.4, 3.4), growing up in a household with a mentally ill or suicidal household member (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2, 3.4), and experiencing parental death/separation/divorce (OR 3.1, 95% CI 2.0, 4.9) as a child. Conclusions Reducing exposures to ACEs should be a priority for prevention of suicide and self-harm in Sri Lanka. Innovative methods to increase support for children facing adversity should be explored.

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Adverse childhood experiences and association with health, mental health, and risky behavior in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Cited by 63 publications

References 14 publications

Adverse childhood experiences and their relationship to gender and depression among young adults in Iraq: a cross-sectional study

Adverse childhood experiences and their relationship to gender and depression among young adults in Iraq: a cross-sectional study

Socio-Cultural Constraints in Protecting Child Rights in a Society in Transition: A Review and Synthesis from Oman

Childhood adversity and self-poisoning: A hospital case control study in Sri Lanka

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