Adventures with antibacterial drugs

Finland, Maxwell

doi:10.1002/cpt1972134469

Cited by 12 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 42 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Unlike prophylaxis, however, the individual benefit of the use of antibiotics for treatment can be considerable and will almost certainly outweigh the cost associated with the promotion of resistance. Indeed, if we consider the mortality of bacteriemic pneumococcal pneumonia before and after the introduction of penicillin, 80% down to 10–15%, [48] , [49] , which is where it is now [50] , antibiotic treatment is of considerable advantage to individuals with this disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anticipated Severity of a “1918-Like” Influenza Pandemic in Contemporary Populations: The Contribution of Antibacterial Interventions

2012

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Recent studies have shown that most of deaths in the 1918 influenza pandemic were caused by secondary bacterial infections, primarily pneumococcal pneumonia. Given the availability of antibiotics and pneumococcal vaccination, how will contemporary populations fare when they are next confronted with pandemic influenza due to a virus with the transmissibility and virulence of that of 1918? To address this question we use a mathematical model and computer simulations. Our model considers the epidemiology of both the influenza virus and pneumonia-causing bacteria and allows for co-infection by these two agents as well as antibiotic treatment, prophylaxis and pneumococcal vaccination. For our simulations we use influenza transmission and virulence parameters estimated from 1918 pandemic data. We explore the anticipated rates of secondary pneumococcal pneumonia and death in populations with different prevalence of pneumococcal carriage and contributions of antibiotic prophylaxis, treatment, and vaccination to these rates. Our analysis predicts that in countries with lower prevalence of pneumococcal carriage and access to antibiotics and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, there would substantially fewer deaths due to pneumonia in contemporary populations confronted with a 1918-like virus than that observed in the 1918. Our results also predict that if the pneumococcal carriage prevalence is less than 40%, the positive effects of antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment would be manifest primarily at of level of individuals. These antibiotic interventions would have little effect on the incidence of pneumonia in the population at large. We conclude with the recommendation that pandemic preparedness plans should consider co-infection with and the prevalence of carriage of pneumococci and other bacteria responsible for pneumonia. While antibiotics and vaccines will certainly reduce the rate of individual mortality, the factor contributing most to the relatively lower anticipated lethality of a pandemic with a 1918-like influenza virus in contemporary population is the lower prevalence of pneumococcal carriage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anticipated Severity of a “1918-Like” Influenza Pandemic in Contemporary Populations: The Contribution of Antibacterial Interventions

2012

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Prospectus: The Prevention of Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Kaiser¹,

Schaffner²

1974

JAMA

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Real‐Time Liquid Crystal pH Sensor for Monitoring Enzymatic Activities of Penicillinase

Hartono

Yang

2009

Adv Funct Materials

144

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A liquid crystal (LC)‐based pH sensor for real‐time monitoring of changes in localized pH values near a solid surface is reported, along with its application for the detection of enzymatic activities. It is found that 4‐cyano‐4′‐pentylbiphenyl (5CB), when doped with 4′‐pentyl‐biphenyl‐4‐carboxylic acid (PBA), shows a bright‐to‐dark optical response to a very small change in pH (from 6.9 to 7.0). The pH‐driven optical response can be explained by using orientational transitions of 5CB induced by the protonation and deprotonation of PBA at the aqueous/LC interface. Because of its high pH sensitivity, the LC‐based sensor is further exploited for monitoring local pH changes resulting from enzymatic reactions. As a proof of concept, the hydrolysis of penicillin G by surface‐immobilized penicillinase is monitored using the system, even when the concentration of penicillin G is as low as 1 nM. This type of LC‐based sensor may find potential utilities in high‐throughput screening of enzyme substrates and enzyme inhibitors.

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Adventures with antibacterial drugs

Cited by 12 publications

References 42 publications

The Anticipated Severity of a “1918-Like” Influenza Pandemic in Contemporary Populations: The Contribution of Antibacterial Interventions

The Anticipated Severity of a “1918-Like” Influenza Pandemic in Contemporary Populations: The Contribution of Antibacterial Interventions

Prospectus: The Prevention of Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Real‐Time Liquid Crystal pH Sensor for Monitoring Enzymatic Activities of Penicillinase

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