Advantages of retrofitting old electric buses and minibuses

Alessandrini, Adriano; Cignini, Fabio; Ortenzi, Fernando; Pede, G.; Stam, Daniele

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.260

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The vehicle used to test the flash charge infrastructure was a minibus, Tecnobus Gulliver U500, also used for previous fast charge experimentation [17,18]. The specifications of the minibus are reported in Table 1.…”

Section: The Pantograph Equipped Vehiclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This vehicle was originally equipped with lead acid batteries. The previous experimental results, carried out at the ENEA (Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development) Casaccia Research Center, were also obtained using the LFP (lithium iron phosphate ) batteries [18]. The energy storage system on board the bus was specifically designed in order to use the flash charging method.…”

Section: The Pantograph Equipped Vehiclementioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and Validation of Ultra-Fast Charging Infrastructures Based on Supercapacitors for Urban Public Transportation Applications

et al. 2019

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The last few decades have seen a significant increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) for private and public transportation around the world. This has resulted in high power demands on the electrical grid, especially when fast and ultra-fast or flash (at the bus-stop) charging are required. Consequently, a ground storage should be used in order to mitigate the peak power request period. This paper deals with an innovative and simple fast charging infrastructure based on supercapacitors, used to charge the energy storage system on board electric buses. According to the charging level of the electric bus, the proposed fast charging system is able to provide the maximum power of 180 kW without exceeding 30 s and without using DC–DC converters. In order to limit the maximum charging current, the electric bus is charged in three steps through three different connectors placed between the supercapacitors on board the bus and the fast charging system. The fast charging system has been carefully designed, taking into account several system parameters, such as charging time, maximum current, and voltage. Experimental tests have been performed on a fast charging station prototype to validate the theoretical analysis and functionality of the proposed architecture.

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Section: The Pantograph Equipped Vehiclementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Pantograph Equipped Vehiclementioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Validation of Ultra-Fast Charging Infrastructures Based on Supercapacitors for Urban Public Transportation Applications

et al. 2019

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“…In recent years, the scientific literature has produced several publications on hybrid traction systems. The issues most addressed are those concerning the analysis and optimization of energy flow management in hybrid systems [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], the analysis of the performance of components in the hybrid drive system [11][12][13][14][15][16][17], sizing optimal components of the hybrid drive system [18] and the analysis of consumption and greenhouse gas emissions [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Furthermore, specific models have been developed for the simulation of hybrid drive systems [34], simulation of greenhouse gas emissions [35] and well to wheel (WTW) analysis [36], and other studies analyse how the reliability and reduction of environmental pollution positively influence users in the choice of electrified vehicle [37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real Drive Truth Test of the Toyota Yaris Hybrid 2020 and Energy Analysis Comparison with the 2017 Model

et al. 2021

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This paper presents the performance analysis of a latest-generation hybrid vehicle (Toyota Yaris 2020) with a testing campaign in real road conditions and a comparison with the previous model (Toyota Yaris 2017). The study was conducted by applying the Real Drive Truth Test protocol, developed by the research group, validated and spread to other full hybrid vehicles: Toyota Prius IV (2016) and Toyota Yaris 2017 (2017). In the case of the 2020 tests, the co-presence on board—deemed unsafe in the usual ways given the ongoing pandemic—was achieved through precise and sophisticated remote control. An on-board diagnostic computer, video transmission and recording equipment guarantee the virtual co-presence of a technical control room and a driver. Thus, several engineers can follow and monitor each vehicle via a 4G modem (installed in each vehicle), analysing data, route and driver behaviour in real-time, and therefore even in the presence of a single occupant in the car under test. The utmost attention has also been paid to adopting anti-COVID behaviours and safety standards: limited personal interactions, reduced co-presence in shared rooms (especially in the control room), vehicle sanitising between different drivers, computers and technicians and video technicians working once at a time. The comparison between the two subsequent vehicle models shows a significant improvement in the performance of the new generation Yaris, both in terms of operation in ZEV (zero-emission vehicle) mode (+15.3%) and in terms of consumption (−35.1%) and overall efficiency of the hybrid powertrain (+8.2%).

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“…On the other hand, such EV conversion is actually one way to implement the electric driving technology at notably lower cost. Such conversion and revitalization can also be done on the old electric buses and minibuses by means of replacing lead-acid batteries with lithium-ion batteries to enable fast charging features [24]. Furthermore, there is also a growing demand to convert the gasoline-fueled to the electric public transport due to its positive benefits to the environment [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of the regenerative braking on the overall energy consumption of a converted electric vehicle

et al. 2020

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Electrical energy consumption of a converted electric vehicle in the real-world environment has been examined. The objective of such test is to compare the overall energy consumption of a vehicle with and without regenerative braking features. For each test, sets of data such as the total testing time, the batteries charge and/or discharge power, and the vehicle mileage were collected and analyzed to determine the energy consumption. The reliability of the data was tested using confidence intervals, which could be used as an indication of the level of confidence that the average value taken could represent the average population. The average value of energy consumption in the vehicles with and without regenerative braking is 145.26 Wh/km and 154.79 Wh/km, respectively. The difference between the average energy consumption from those two conditions, which is 9.53 Wh/km, has 95% probability to be accurate, as indicated by the confidence intervals test. This shows a decrease in electrical energy consumption by about 6.16%, which indicates an enhancement in mileage or vehicles efficiency.

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Advantages of retrofitting old electric buses and minibuses

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

Design and Validation of Ultra-Fast Charging Infrastructures Based on Supercapacitors for Urban Public Transportation Applications

Design and Validation of Ultra-Fast Charging Infrastructures Based on Supercapacitors for Urban Public Transportation Applications

Real Drive Truth Test of the Toyota Yaris Hybrid 2020 and Energy Analysis Comparison with the 2017 Model

The influence of the regenerative braking on the overall energy consumption of a converted electric vehicle

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