Advantages of Brines in Secondary Recovery of Petroleum by Water-flooding

Hughes, Richard V.; Pfister, Rudolf J.

doi:10.2118/947187-g

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…A more drastic reduction of permeability would have been well within the limits of actual California practice in many instances, and would have resulted in still greater losses of productivity index and economic ultimate recovery, and still greater lengthening of the time required to obtain the ultimate recovery. Hughes and Pfister (1947) made a most comprehensive study of the relation between injection well indices and laboratory data as affected by the saline content of the water. This work was carried out for the benefit of secondary-recovery operations, and specifically compared well rates using subsurface brines with well rates using fresh water or fresh water with such additives as sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.…”

Section: Hydration and Swellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sandy sediments, on the other hand, frequently contain clays of many types, in quantities ranging from practicallj' zero to a very high percentage. Hughes and Pfister (1947) have stated: "Few producing oil sections are free from claj'." This is contrary to the prevailing opinion 6 or 7 years ago, when the remark was frequently heard that "California sands may be dirty (argillaceous), but east of the Rockies, clay in oil sands is a rarity."…”

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confidence: 99%

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Role op Clay in Oil Reservoirs

Johnston

1955

Clays clay technol. (Natl. Conf. Clays Clay Technol.)

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Section: Hydration and Swellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Role op Clay in Oil Reservoirs

Johnston

1955

Clays clay technol. (Natl. Conf. Clays Clay Technol.)

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“…In the literature, at least by implication, there is the statement that certain illites swell (Hughs and Pfister 1947). Is this a case of intralamellar swelling in which the spacings change?…”

Section: Soldatementioning

confidence: 99%

Interlamellar Sorption by Clay Minerals

MacEwan

1955

Clays clay technol. (Natl. Conf. Clays Clay Technol.)

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The term ''interlamellar sorption" was proposed by the author in 1948 to designate the penetration of ions and neutral molecules between the layers of a lamellar structure, resulting in a reversible, one-dimensional swelling. The first system of this sort to be studied was graphitic acid (Hofmann et al. 1930), which reversibly takes up layers of water molecules. The phenomenon is mainly met with amongst natural and artificial inorganic substances-in the organic field, a commoner analogous phenomenon is the swelling of polymers by penetration of small molecules between large, chain-shaped molecules, although lamellar systems, in some respects analogous to the inorganic ones, are met with among proteins and soaps.The interest of the phenomenon is partly due to the light it can throw on adsorptive and surface forces. Alterations in spacing between the layers can very readily be followed by means of X-ray diffraction, since sharp reflexions are given by the sequence of parallel planes. This means that a range of relatively powerful methods is available for studying the size and orientation of the sorbed molecules, and hence the nature of the forces holding them.Most of the work on interlamellar sorption, especially of organic molecules, has been done using the claymineral montmorillonite as substrate, and hence most of this paper will be concerned with this mineral. However, it will be shown that the phenomenon is of fairly frequent occurrence, a number of other suitable substrates being obtainable.Attention was first directed towards the reversible swelling shown by montmorillonite on sorption of water (Hofmann et al. 1933). It was shown that the spacing of the layers varies (1) with the equilibrium vapor pressure of water; (2) with the exchangeable cations, which are always present in samples of montmorillonite in quantities of the order of 100 me. /lOO g. The early results obtained by Nag'elsehmidt, and by Hofmann and Bilke, appeared to show a continuous change in spacing with water content, but Bradley, Grim, and Clark (1937) obtained evidence for the existence of definite hydrates with definite number of monomolecular sheets of water molecules between the montmorillonite layers. The earlier results can be explained on the basis of the existence of mixed structures, in which, for instance, one-sheet intervals and two-sheet intervals may occur in a random manner. The phenomenon, however, is more complex than Bradley, Grim, and Clark suggested; not only may monomolecular sheets of water molecules occur, but also, as Mcring has shown, groupings of water molecules around the interlamellar ions. These questions are being treated in this symposium by Barshad, who has produced much new work in this field. It is an indication of the complexity of the phenomenon that such new work can still be produced, 20 years after the original papers of Hofmann and his collaborators.In 1941, Gieseking and Hendricks showed that the exchangeable cations of montmorillonite may be replaced by large organic cations-amines and polyamines. ...

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“…They postulated that salt-water permeability is probably closer to true reservoir permeability than is the measurement with air. Hughes and Pfister (1947) pointed out that brines would keep the clay content of producing sands in a permanently flocculated condition, and, therefore, brines were recommended for use in secondary recovery of petroleum by water flooding. The effect of drilling fluids on the productive capacity of sands was outlined by Sherborne and Fischer (1949), and they suggested improved drilling fluids to protect water-sensitive zones.…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Clays on the Permeability of Reservoir Sands to Waters of Different Saline Contents

Baptist

1954

Clays clay miner. (Natl. Conf. Clays Clay Miner.)

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The average results of air-and water-permeability determinations are given for petroleum-reservoir sands, in three Wyoming fields. The average amounts of materials of clay size in the sands and the types of clays present, as identified by X-ray diffraction methods, are also presented and discussed.The sands are shown to be more permeable to air than to brines and more permeable to brines than to fresh water. Each of the sands exhibited different behavior when wetted by waters, and the percentage loss of permeability to waters, as compared to air, varied from sand to sand. The sand coritaining kaolins, illites, and mixed-layer clay (illite-montmorillonite) was found to be the most sensitive to water, and the sand containing only small amounts of kaolins and illites was the least sensitive. The sand that contained the most kaolins and illites was intermediate in water sensitivity. The waFer-permeability behavior of the sands and the dependence of this behavior on the clays present and the salinity of the water are discussed.

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Advantages of Brines in Secondary Recovery of Petroleum by Water-flooding

Cited by 22 publications

References 2 publications

Role op Clay in Oil Reservoirs

Role op Clay in Oil Reservoirs

Interlamellar Sorption by Clay Minerals

The Effect of Clays on the Permeability of Reservoir Sands to Waters of Different Saline Contents

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