Advancing the multiscale understanding on solid oxide electrolysis cells via modelling approaches: A review

Degradation issues and stabilization strategies of protonic ceramic electrolysis cells for steam electrolysis

“…Similar low degradation rate (0.3%‐0.4%/1000 h) was reported for a SOEC with 34,000 hours operation at −0.6 A cm −2 current density 13 . These highly durable SOECs are comparable to the commercialized AECs or PEMECs with a stack lifetime up to 90,000 hours and a degradation rate <1% per 1000 hours 14 …”

“…13 These highly durable SOECs are comparable to the commercialized AECs or PEMECs with a stack lifetime up to 90,000 hours and a degradation rate <1% per 1000 hours. 14 As for newly developed SOECs, PCECs are expected to have a higher durability than conventional oxygen ion-conducting SOECs due to the relatively low operating temperatures, strong interface/adhesion between electrodes and electrolytes, and the better operation mode. 9 In principle, the PCECs avoid the issues of Ni oxidation/coarsening in the fuel electrode and the delamination in air electrode, which are the main factors causing the degradation of oxygen ion-conducting (1) Air electrode:…”

Multiscale modelling potentialities for solid oxide fuel cell performance and degradation analysis

“…38 However, multiscale simulation codes that are able to merge all aspects, from the single mechanisms to global cell degradation, and involving simultaneously empirical correlations as well as microstructure-dependent kinetic formulations to be applied depending on the available experimental observations, are still rare in the literature. 39–41…”

“…This is a significant improvement compared to reference multiscale models, mainly based on computational fluid dynamic software. 39 All potentialities of SIMFC as a simulation tool are described in the following chapters, also reporting the results of two specific case studies as examples.…”

“…38 However, multiscale simulation codes that are able to merge all aspects, from the single mechanisms to global cell degradation, and involving simultaneously empirical correlations as well as microstructuredependent kinetic formulations to be applied depending on the available experimental observations, are still rare in the literature. [39][40][41] In such a scenario, the authors propose SIMFC (SIMulation of Fuel Cells) as an effective multiscale simulation code which combines the different levels of analysis in a single tool for predicting cell performance and durability. SIMFC is an inhome Fortran code for high-temperature cell operation including MCFCs (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells) and SOFCs.…”