“…The subjective rationalities of parents in Korea and Singapore Private tutoring in Korea comes in different forms such as one-to-one tutoring, cram schools (hagwon) and Internet tutoring. 81.1% of elementary school students, 69.1% of middle school students and 49.5 % of high school students are enrolled in private tutoring in 2014 (KOSIS, 2015; for details on the schooling system in Korea, see Tan and Yang, 2019;Yang and Tan, 2019). Like Korea, private tutoring in Singapore can take place through various modes such as one-to-one or group, as well as face-to-face or online (Cheo and Quah, 2005;Kaur and Areepattamannil, 2013;Seah, 2016;Tan, 2009Tan, , 2017Tan, , 2019a.…”