“…Concurrently, urban areas are seeing a rise in surface runoff and demand for efficient water discharge (Yavari et al,2022), while existing urban drainage infrastructures lag behind relatively, becoming increasingly inadequate for managing urban floods (Qi et al,2021;Yao et al,2023), consequently, urban flooding incurs significant annual losses globally (Ahmad and Simonovic,2013). According to incomplete statistics, since the beginning of the 21st century, 70% of China's cities have experienced serious flooding disasters, of which 33% are megacities (Chikhi et al,2024;Zhang et al,2024). Meanwhile, Beijing, as a highly urbanized city, records a yearly rise in extreme rainfall during flood seasons, exacerbating urban flood risks (Wang et al,2024).…”