Advancing glenohumeral dysplasia treatment in brachial plexus birth injury: the end-to-side spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer technique

Abstract

Purpose Brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) is a common injury with the spectrum of disease prognosis ranging from spontaneous recovery to lifelong debilitating disability. A common sequela of BPBI is glenohumeral dysplasia (GHD) which, if not addressed early on, can lead to shoulder dysfunction as the child matures. However, there are no clear criteria for when to employ various surgical procedures for the correction of GHD. Methods We describe our approach to correcting GDH in infants with BPBIs using a reverse end-to-side (ETS) transfer from the spinal accessory to the suprascapular nerve. This technique is employed in infants that present with GHD with poor external rotation (ER) function who would not necessitate a complete end-to-end transfer and are still too young for a tendon transfer. In this study, we present our outcomes in seven patients. Results At presentation, all patients had persistent weakness of the upper trunk and functional limitations of the shoulder. Point-of-care ultrasounds confirmed GHD in each case. Five patients were male, and two patients were female, with a mean age of 3.3 months age (4 days–7 months) at presentation. Surgery was performed on average at 5.8 months of age (3–8.6 months). All seven patients treated with a reverse ETS approach had full recovery of ER according to active movement scores at the latest follow-up. Additionally, ultrasounds at the latest follow-up showed a complete resolution of GHD. Conclusion In infants with BPBI and evidence of GHD with poor ER, end-to-end nerve transfers, which initially downgrade function, or tendon transfers, that are not age-appropriate for the patient, are not recommended. Instead, we report seven successful cases of infants who underwent ETS spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer for the treatment of GHD following BPBI.