Advancing cyber diplomacy in the Asia Pacific: Japan and Australia

Eleven years of cyberattacks on Chinese supply chains in an era of cyber warfare, a review and future research agenda

“…Technology and the internet are both very advanced, and the implementation of new national security policies becomes increasingly important and necessary (Manantan, 2021). Governments, large companies, and consumers store information on these technological platforms.…”

“…The development of cybersecurity normsnamely, the "rules of the road" to guide the behavior of nation-states in cyberspace (Deibert, 2011) is emerging as a primary international security challenge (Neutze and Nicholas, 2013;Visner, 2013;Zhao, 2016;Kokas, 2018). China believes that the best way to overcome these challenges is to determine/cyberspace standards according to its domestic conditions or, in other words, to prioritize solving internal problems (Nathan, 2012;Kshetri, 2013;Li et al, 2019;Qian, 2019;Manantan, 2021) and to stop gradually the rely on imported basic hardware and software (Mu and Yonggang, 2014). Chinese Government has expedited key policies to strengthen its technological ecosystem including the "Made in China 2025", the "Internet Plus" plan, the "Digital Silk Road" and the "Belt and Road Initiative" among others (Jiang, 2020).…”

Digital Sovereignty as a Weapon of Diplomacy in Cyber Warfare in Democracies

“…The emergence of cyber diplomacy as a discipline in its own right reflects the growing recognition that cyberspace is an essential field of international relations. In this context, cyber diplomacy initiatives are aimed at achieving multilateral agreements on cyber norms, responsible behaviour by states and non-state actors in cyberspace and effective global digital governance [10]. The aim is to create an open, free, stable and secure cyberspace that is embedded in international law and based on alliances between like-minded countries, organisations, the private sector, civil society and experts.…”

“…This domain has turned into a vulnerable spot for governments attempting to balance threat reduction with the exploitation of arising opportunities. With the expanding prospects for innovation in cyberspace, the likelihood of both competition and potential conflict increases [10].…”

“…Australia has significantly strengthened its cyber defence capabilities in recent years with a focus on strengthening the resilience of its critical infrastructure and promoting cyber security literacy within the population [10].…”