Advances of the experimental models of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (Review)

Abstract

idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMn) is one of the main types of chronic kidney disease in adults and one of the most common causes of end-stage renal disease. in recent years, the morbidity of iMn among primary glomerular diseases has markedly increased, while the pathogenesis of the disease remains unclear. To address this, a number of experimental models, including Heymann nephritis, anti-thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing 7a antibody-induced iMn, cationic bovine serum albumin, anti-human podocyte antibodies and zymosan-activated serum-induced c5b-9, have been established. This review comprehensively summarized the available animal and cell models for iMn. The limitations and advantages of the current models were discussed and two improved models were introduced to facilitate the selection of an appropriate model for further studies on iMn. Contents 1. introduction 2. rat models of iMn 3. Mouse models of iMn 4. limitations and advantages of the animal models 5. cell models of iMn 6. limitations and advantages of the cell models 7.

Quantitative Evaluation of Real-Time Shear-Wave Elastography under Deep Learning in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease

“…Stage IV: according to the optical microscopy, the basement membrane thickened greatly. Electron microscopy showed that the deposit lost the electron density, and irregular electron translucent areas appeared in the irregularly thickened base film [13].…”

How Does Herbal Medicine Treat Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy?

“…The HN rat model is regarded as a classic animal model due to its high similarity in pathology to human IMN. But Heymann rats were created by injecting antibodies or antigens into the rats and could not simulate the process of an autoimmune response (Jiang et al, 2020), which hinders the study of herb on autoimmune response. Second, the complexity and diversity of the components of herb medicine.…”

Recent Advances in Clinical Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy Options of Membranous Nephropathy

“…In addition, several latest publications have shown that MN was associated with the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs ( Zhang et al, 2020b ; Dong et al, 2020 ; Luan et al, 2022 ; Jin et al, 2019 ). These advances were inspired by using animal models of IMN, including Heymann nephritis and cationic bovine serum albumin (CBSA)–induced MN ( Jiang et al, 2020 ). The model of Heymann nephritis put forward the concept that a podocyte antigen, namely, megalin, was a target of antibody-forming in situ immune complexes, whereas CBSA-induced MN first reflected the case of planted antigen ( Figure 1 ).…”

“…Other antigens including aldose reductase, superoxide dismutase-2, and α-enolase were also found in human, although their function remains to be established because they were not detected on normal podocyte surfaces ( Prunotto et al, 2010 ). In addition, endogenous podocyte antigens and exogenous antigens including CBSA were also involved in patients with early-childhood MN ( Ayalon and Beck, 2015 ; Jiang et al, 2020 ). Taken together, these studies exhibited a new era for the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of MN from early infancy to adulthood.…”