Advances of Modern Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods in Separation and Analysis of Flavonoids

Liu, E‐Hu; Qi, Lian-Wen; Cao, Jun; Li, Ping; Li, Chang-Yin; Peng, Yongbo

doi:10.3390/molecules13102521

Cited by 56 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…Such interest is fully understandable considering their broad spectra of biological activity. The number of publications focused on the analysis of plant and animal biological matrices in order to identify and determine quantitatively the contents of flavonoids and their metabolic products increased in parallel with the discovery of new pharmacological properties in various representatives of this compound class [13].…”

Section: Analytical Methods For Biological Samples From Pk Studies Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmacokinetics of Quercetin and Other Flavonols Studied by Liquid Chromatography and LC-MS (a Review)

Guglya

2014

Pharm Chem J

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Modern analytical methods used to study the pharmacokinetics of quercetin and other flavonols, i.e., biologically active compounds that exhibit various therapeutic properties, were reviewed. The preparation of biological fluids and tissues for analysis, chromatography conditions, and mass spectrometric detection for various flavonols as the aglycons and glycosides and their metabolites were discussed. Quantitative analyses of flavonol concentrations in biological samples and their mass spectrometric identification in in vitro and in vivo studies during tests with pure compounds and multi-constituent plant extracts were presented as typical examples.Keywords: quercetin, flavonols, flavonoids, flavonoid pharmacokinetics, bioanalytical methods, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).Flavonols are a subclass of flavonoids, a varied and broad class of polyphenolic compounds that includes the flavonol quercetin, one of the most widely distributed and studied representatives. These compounds were well known over 100 years ago as plant pigments. However, the discovery in the 1990s of the antioxidant properties of flavonoids stimulated renewed interest in them. They are capable of neutralizing free radicals, which is responsible for their various therapeutic properties [1,2].A pharmacokinetic (PK) study in vivo in humans and experimental animals, i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, is a necessary component of the evaluation of the mechanisms of possible therapeutic or toxic action of a biologically active compound. The PK parameters of drug candidates are related to the effectiveness and administration mode in order to establish the optimum concentrations.The properties of quercetin and other flavonols were briefly characterized and the development in the last decade of methods for determining the concentrations and identifying flavonols in biological media during PK studies were discussed in the review. Structure, properties and natural sources of flavonolsFlavonoids are secondary plant metabolites and share common biosynthetic pathways. They are responsible for the color of fruits and leaves. Surface tissues of plants are especially rich in them [3]. They are involved in the photosynthesis, proliferation, and death (through apoptosis) of plant cells. It is assumed that the main biological role of flavonoids is to protect plants from aggressive environmental factors (UV radiation, infectious agents).The variety of flavonoids is explained by the fact that most of them occur in plants as O-or C-glycosides. The aglycon is a 15-carbon skeleton, the principal elements of which are two aromatic rings joined by a pyran ring. The last determines to which subclass one flavonoid or another belongs. The classification includes the subclasses flavones, flavonols, flavanones (catechins), anthocyanidins, isoflavones, and flavanonols [4].

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Section: Analytical Methods For Biological Samples From Pk Studies Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only then are the confirmed starting constituents and resulting metabolites identified in plasma or another matrix. In general, the identification and structure elucidation of flavonoids is a separate problem to which considerable effort is applied [13,45].…”

Section: Identification In Biological Samples Of Starting Plant Raw Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of Quercetin and Other Flavonols Studied by Liquid Chromatography and LC-MS (a Review)

Guglya

2014

Pharm Chem J

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“…Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has received much attention for the extraction of natural products as revised by Pereira and Meireles [39] and Liu et al [40]. The technique is based in the lower viscosities and higher diffusion rates of supercritical fluids when compared with those of liquids.…”

Section: Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The technique is based in the lower viscosities and higher diffusion rates of supercritical fluids when compared with those of liquids. The advantages of this technique include the ability to perform rapid (often less than 30 min) extractions, to reduce the use of hazardous solvents, and to prevent potential degradation of active compounds as a result of a lengthy exposure to elevated temperatures and atmospheric oxygen, as well as the possibility to couple the extraction step with chromatography techniques [40]. Carbon dioxide is the most widely used extraction solvent, although for the extraction of polar compounds, such as most flavonoids, polar solvents (like alcohols) have to be added as modifiers, reducing the selectivity and losing some of the benefits of classical SFE.…”

Section: Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Flavonoids in Foods and Biological Samples

Gonzaléz-Paramás¹,

Santos-Buelga²,

Duenas³

et al. 2011

Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry

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Flavonoids are a major class of plant phenolics that are widely distributed in the human diet and have been related to health promotion. They may occur in their natural sources in free forms (aglycones), as glycosylated or acylated derivatives, or as oligomeric and polymerized structures. This structural diversity affects their physicochemical behaviour and complicates their analysis. Thus, there is not a single standardized procedure that can be recommended for all flavonoid groups and/or type of samples, and the procedures have to be optimized depending on the nature of the sample and the target analytes. Furthermore, when dealing with the analysis of flavonoids biological samples (i.e., human and animal fluids and tissues) some differential aspects have to be taken into account; the nature of the compounds that can be found in those samples may differ from that present in plants and food, and flavonoids and metabolites occur in much lower concentrations, which make their analysis still more challenging. In this review the main techniques for extraction and analysis of flavonoids in foodstuffs and biological fluids are revised, as well as their occurrence in foods and beverages and available databases.

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“…Compounds were separated in a DIOL microcolumn in the first dimension, and 1-min fractions were collected and rechromatographed on a porous particle C18 column. Offline 2D-LC systems consisting of a CN column in the first dimension and a C18 column in the second dimension were used by Liu et al (2008) and Zhou et al (2008) for the separation of flavonoids in extracts of Swertia franchetiana Smith. and Lobelia chinensis Lour., respectively.…”

Section: Multidimensional Liquid Chromatographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies in the Analysis of Plant Flavonoids

Santos‐Buelga

Gonzaléz-Paramás

2014

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Flavonoids are one of the largest groups of plant secondary metabolites. They comprise several thousand compounds that share a phenylchromane skeleton and can be classified into different classes, namely flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanols, anthocyanins, dihydroflavonols, isoflavones, and chalcones. Flavonoids occur in their natural sources as aglycones or glycosylated forms and as monomers or constituting polymerized structures and can be found both as free and matrix‐bound compounds. This structural diversity affects their physicochemical behavior, and different flavonoid classes and compounds may have different requisites for their extraction and analysis, so that there is not a unique analytical strategy that applies in all situations. In this chapter, the main methodological approaches to the analysis of flavonoids in plant materials are revised paying particular attention to more recent extraction techniques and high performance liquid chromatography‐based methodologies that currently dominate the field of flavonoid analysis.

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Advances of Modern Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods in Separation and Analysis of Flavonoids

Cited by 56 publications

References 67 publications

Pharmacokinetics of Quercetin and Other Flavonols Studied by Liquid Chromatography and LC-MS (a Review)

Pharmacokinetics of Quercetin and Other Flavonols Studied by Liquid Chromatography and LC-MS (a Review)

Analysis of Flavonoids in Foods and Biological Samples

Strategies in the Analysis of Plant Flavonoids

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