Advances of Hydroxyapatite Hybrid Organic Composite Used as Drug or Protein Carriers for Biomedical Applications: A Review

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA), especially in the form of HA nanoparticles (HANPs), has excellent bioactivity, biodegradability, and osteoconductivity and therefore has been widely used as a template or additives for drug delivery in clinical applications, such as dentistry and orthopedic repair. Due to the atomically anisotropic distribution on the preferred growth of HA crystals, especially the nanoscale rod-/whisker-like morphology, HA can generally be a good candidate for carrying a variety of substances. HA is biocompatible and suitable for medical applications, but most drugs carried by HANPs have an initial burst release. In the adsorption mechanism of HA as a carrier, specific surface area, pore size, and porosity are important factors that mainly affect the adsorption and release amounts. At present, many studies have developed HA as a drug carrier with targeted effect, porous structure, and high porosity. This review mainly discusses the influence of HA structures as a carrier on the adsorption and release of active molecules. It then focuses on the benefits and effects of different types of polymer-HA composites to re-examine the proteins/drugs carry and release behavior and related potential clinical applications. This literature survey can be divided into three main parts: 1. interaction and adsorption mechanism of HA and drugs; 2. advantages and application fields of HA/organic composites; 3. loading and drug release behavior of multifunctional HA composites in different environments. This work also presents the latest development and future prospects of HA as a drug carrier.

Effects of black cumin-based antimalarial drug loaded with nano-emulsion of bovine and human serum albumins by spectroscopic and molecular docking studies

“…We used commonly spectroscopic methods to derive the binding pattern of serum albumin, MEF-loaded black cumin seed (Thymoquinone) oil-based nanoemulsion complex in conjunction with possible structural conformation disturbances. Optical techniques such as UV–Visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectrophotometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were the most commonly used among the various techniques to study molecular interactions [ 11 , 27 , 31 ]. However, no research has been done on the antimalaria drug (MEF)-loaded black cumin seed (Thymoquinone) nanoemulsion to bind to serum albumin proteins.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Mg–Hydroxyapatite and Its β-Cyclodextrin Composite as Enhanced Bio-Carrier of 5-Fluorouracil Drug; Equilibrium and Release Kinetics

“…26,32,33 The hybrid composites of HAP and the reactive natural or synthetic polymers can successfully overcome the reported drawbacks during the application of it as a delivery system including the low encapsulation capacity, uncontrollable release rate, high brittleness, easy agglomeration, and poor plasticity. 16,25 β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) is a unique and important biocompound that has received much research attention as an essential component in a variety of hybrids with various types of inorganic materials for both medicinal and environmental industries. 1,34 This was primarily attributed to its accessibility, biological compatibility, stable chemical composition, notable adsorption, and non-toxic qualities.…”

“…In this regard, several inorganic, organic, and hybrid organic/inorganic structures such as mesoporous silica, zeolite, polymers, layered double hydroxide (LDH), CaO, and montmorillonites were evaluated as promising drug carriers for chemotherapies. ,,,, The previous materials demonstrated a significant effect in inducing the permeability and retention properties of the used drug. − ,, Hydroxyapatite is a promising biomaterial species of the apatite family that exhibits Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 and is widely used in numerous medical industries including tissue and bone engineering as well as effective drug delivery structure. − This was assigned to its significant chemical stability, surface area, acid–base adjustability, ion exchange capacity, long shelf life, flexible structure, and adsorption capacity. − As a biomaterial, it is bioactive, biodegradable, biocompatible, and osteoconductive without causing inflammation and toxicity. ,, However, the hydrophilic properties of its structure reduce its efficiency as carriers of the common drugs that are off organic chemical structure. , Consequently, many studies have been established to improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of HAP by controlling its morphology, chemical composition, and crystallite size in addition to its surface functionalization and hybridization by polymers and other active chemical groups. ,, The hybrid composites of HAP and the reactive natural or synthetic polymers can successfully overcome the reported drawbacks during the application of it as a delivery system including the low encapsulation capacity, uncontrollable release rate, high brittleness, easy agglomeration, and poor plasticity. , …”

Enhancement of Anticorrosive Performance of Cardanol Based Polyurethane Coatings by Incorporating Magnetic Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

“…Previous reports are available on the use of hydroxyapatite (HAP) for bone tissue engineering, controlled drug delivery, and as filler for composites coatings. Even HAP modified with silver was used in the formulation of antibacterial composite coatings [ 33 ] as bone substitutes [ 34 ], drug and protein carriers [ 35 ], dental implants [ 36 ], etc. Additionally, magnetically modified HAP was utilized in the removal of heavy metals such as uranium (VI) [ 37 ], lead ion [ 38 ], cadmium (II) [ 39 ], copper, nickel [ 40 ], and other pollutants for the water [ 41 ].…”