Advances of Electroactive Metal–Organic Frameworks

Abstract

The preparation of electroactive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for applications of supercapacitors and batteries has received much attention and remarkable progress during the past few years. MOF‐based materials including pristine MOFs, hybrid MOFs or MOF composites, and MOF derivatives are well designed by a combination of organic linkers (e.g., carboxylic acids, conjugated aromatic phenols/thiols, conjugated aromatic amines, and N‐heterocyclic donors) and metal salts to construct predictable structures with appropriate properties. This review will focus on construction strategies of pristine MOFs and hybrid MOFs as anodes, cathodes, separators, and electrolytes in supercapacitors and batteries. Descriptions and discussions follow categories of electrochemical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs), pseudocapacitors (PSCs), and hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) for supercapacitors. In contrast, Li‐ion batteries (LIBs), Lithium‐sulfur batteries (LSBs), Lithium‐oxygen batteries (LOBs), Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), Sodium‐sulfur batteries (SSBs), Zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs), Zinc–air batteries (ZABs), Aluminum‐sulfur batteries (ASBs), and others (e.g., LiSe, NiZn, H+, alkaline, organic, and redox flow batteries) are categorized for batteries.

In Situ Generation of Co-Decorated Carbon Nanotubes by Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks to Facilitate High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

“…Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are a kind of periodic topological porous material formed by coordination bonds between metal ions and organic ligands. 18,19 As precursors, ZIFs can derive metal modified nitrogen−carbon (M-NC) materials, which have a porous 3D carbon structure and deliver plentiful metal active sites. Therefore, ZIFs have been widely studied in the oxygen reduction/evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, lithium batteries, etc.…”

“…With the deepening of research on Li–S batteries, it has been proved that, for some of the above materials, promoting the catalytic conversion of LiPSs performs a vital role in reducing the “shuttle effect” and improving the electrochemical kinetics of Li–S batteries. − The reason is that by reducing the reaction barrier of the redox reaction, the liquid–liquid process of soluble LiPSs is regulated, and the reaction rate of the liquid–solid process of the transformation of LiPSs into Li 2 S and S 8 is accelerated. , Therefore, it accelerates the redox kinetics of the Li–S batteries and reduces the accumulated concentration of LiPSs in the electrolyte. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are a kind of periodic topological porous material formed by coordination bonds between metal ions and organic ligands. , As precursors, ZIFs can derive metal modified nitrogen–carbon (M-NC) materials, which have a porous 3D carbon structure and deliver plentiful metal active sites. Therefore, ZIFs have been widely studied in the oxygen reduction/evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, lithium batteries, etc. , However, the specific surface area of ZIF-derived materials is generally small, and the performance of metal active sites is limited. , …”

Rationally designed carbon-encapsulated manganese selenide composites from metal–organic frameworks for stable aqueous Zn–Mn batteries

“…Among them, the use of metal-organic framework (MOF) materials as both sacricial templates and elemental sources can rapidly and efficiently yield micro-and nanoparticles with specic morphologies and multilevel structures. [15][16][17] On the one hand, the metal elements of MOFs can be directly converted into metal compounds in customized modication processes (e.g., hydrothermal, high-temperature oxidation, mechanochemical, 18,19 etc. ), which makes it possible to obtain a wide range of electrode materials with unique structures and morphologies by changing the elemental species and modulating the modication methods.…”

Synergistic Catalysis of Cobalt Tetroxide and Bamboo-Shaped Carbon Nanotubes Doped with Nitrogen for Oxygen Reduction in Zn–Air Batteries

“…Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a type of porous crystalline material, formed by self-assembly of metal ions or clusters and organic ligands. , MOFs possess a high specific surface area, a finely tunable pore structure, and rich metal nodes, which can be inherited by the corresponding catalyst. − Furthermore, after downsizing along one direction, the generated MOF nanosheets offer emerging nature, − such as significant edge effects and more exposed metal centers. , Given these advantages, MOF nanosheets are therefore considered an important precursor for the design and preparation of functional catalysts . Additionally, heteroatoms, such as N, S, or P, can be introduced for further tuning of the electron configurations of the catalyst for further promoted activity. , Moreover, the hierarchical porous structure of the catalysts may promote mass transfer and accelerate the transmission of electrolytes. − However, there are crucial challenges in the construction of such structure-oriented catalysts: efficient, simple, and scalable synthesis of MOF nanosheets, homogeneously distributed and accessible active sites, and systemic tuning of the electron configuration of the active center. − …”