Advances in unit operations and materials for the Cu Cl cycle of hydrogen production

Naterer, G.F.; Suppiah, S.; Rosen, Marc A.; Gabriel, Kamiel; Dinçer, İbrahim; Jianu, Ofelia A.; Wang, Z.; Easton, E. Bradley; Ikeda, B.M.; Rizvi, Ghaus; Pioro, Igor; Pope, Kevin; Mostaghimi, J.; Lvov, Serguei N.

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.03.133

Cited by 37 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Canadian national laboratories (CNLs) and the University of Ontario (UOIT) have extensively investigated each step and finally demonstrated individual steps of Cu–Cl cycle . Performance of 300‐cm 2 electrolytic cell was evaluated resulting in a stable current density of 0.55 A/cm 2 at 0.7 V, and 98% of the theoretical hydrogen production rate for over 1600 hours was reported .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Canadian national laboratories (CNLs) and the University of Ontario (UOIT) have extensively investigated each step and finally demonstrated individual steps of Cu-Cl cycle. 17,[19][20][21][22] Performance of 300-cm 2 electrolytic cell was evaluated resulting in a stable current density of 0.55 A/cm 2 at 0.7 V, and 98% of the theoretical hydrogen production rate for over 1600 hours was reported. 23 Fivestep Cu-Cl cycle was also studied, and the proof of concept was demonstrated by India at lab scale with H 2 generation rate at 168 mL/h using 1 g of Cu (0.015 mol).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Investigations on the hydrolysis step of copper‐chlorine thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production

et al. 2019

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Summary Detailed investigations of CuCl2 hydrolysis step of Cu–Cl thermochemical cycle were carried out on various aspects: (a) characterization and thermal properties of reactants/products using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry (TG‐MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD), and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS); (b) performance evaluation of fixed bed hydrolysis; (c) parametric optimization with respect to S/Cu, flow rate (gas hourly space velocity, GHSV), reaction duration, temperature, and particle size; and (d) monitored hydrolysis using isothermal TG experiments at 360°C, 370°C, 380°C, 390°C, and 400°C to derive kinetic parameters rate constant (k) and activation energy (Ea) on the basis of the shrinking‐core model. 97% conversion to Cu2OCl2 at 17 630 h−1 of GHSV, 400°C was achieved using ball‐milled CuCl2 (BM6), as compared with that of 55% over commercial un–ball‐milled reactant, CuCl2 (UBM). Correspondingly, higher k value of 2.84 h−1 over BM6 as compared with 0.97 h−1 over UBM reactant at 400°C was achieved. Ea for hydrolysis of BM6 was 93 kJ/mol, while it was 106 kJ/mol for UBM as derived from the Arrhenius plot. A probable pathway for CuCl2 hydrolysis is proposed here. It was found to be diffusion controlled, and the particle size of reactant molecules affects the packing and diffusion length. Based on our investigations, it is very unlikely to get >99% phase pure product (Cu2OCl2). Cu2OCl2 is labile in nature and tends to transform into structurally similar and stable compounds CuO and CuCl2.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Investigations on the hydrolysis step of copper‐chlorine thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production

et al. 2019

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“…Cu‐Cl is the most conceivable techniques for solar‐to‐hydrogen process with its moderate maximum‐temperature requirement, which has been internationally developed . A group of researchers from the United States, Canada, Romania, Slovenia, and China performed a case study to evaluate solar hydrogen production using heliostat field coupled with Cu‐Cl cycle . The total energy received by solar plant was about 785 MW; however, the molten salt just absorbed 309 MW.…”

Section: Concentrated Solar Thermal Hydrogen Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…64 A group of researchers from the United States, Canada, Romania, Slovenia, and China performed a case study to evaluate solar hydrogen production using heliostat field coupled with Cu-Cl cycle. 65 The total energy received by solar plant was about 785 MW; however, the molten salt just absorbed 309 MW. The hydrogen production rate and plant efficiency were assessed 0.89-kg H 2 per second and 20%, respectively.…”

Section: Thermochemical Water Splitting Technologies For Solar Hydrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen from solar energy, a clean energy carrier from a sustainable source of energy

2020

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Summary Solar energy is going to play a crucial role in the future energy scenario of the world that conducts interests to solar‐to‐hydrogen as a means of achieving a clean energy carrier. Hydrogen is a sustainable energy carrier, capable of substituting fossil fuels and decreasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emission to save the world from global warming. Hydrogen production from ubiquitous sustainable solar energy and an abundantly available water is an environmentally friendly solution for globally increasing energy demands and ensures long‐term energy security. Among various solar hydrogen production routes, this study concentrates on solar thermolysis, solar thermal hydrogen via electrolysis, thermochemical water splitting, fossil fuels decarbonization, and photovoltaic‐based hydrogen production with special focus on the concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) system. Energy management and thermodynamic analysis of CPV‐based hydrogen production as the near‐term sustainable option are developed. The capability of three electrolysis systems including alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis, and solid oxide electrolysis for coupling to solar systems for H2 production is discussed. Since the cost of solar hydrogen has a very large range because of the various employed technologies, the challenges, pros and cons of the different methods, and the commercialization processes are also noticed. Among three electrolysis technologies considered for postulated solar hydrogen economy, AWE is found the most mature to integrate with the CPV system. Although substantial progresses have been made in solar hydrogen production technologies, the review indicates that these systems require further maturation to emulate the produced grid‐based hydrogen.

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“…More recently, Naterer et al have reported on recent advances in unit operations and materials for the Cu–Cl cycle of hydrogen production. Khalid et al studied the thermodynamic viability of a new three step high temperature version of thermochemical hydrogen production using the Cu–Cl cycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic and electrochemical analyses of a CuCI/HCl electrolyzer

2019

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Summary An electrochemical analysis is carried out from a kinetic electrochemistry perspective of a CuCl/HCl electrolysis cell, within the CuCl thermochemical water splitting process for hydrogen production. The anolyte is a solution of 2 mol L−1 CuCl(aq) and 10 mol L−1 HCl(aq) while the catholyte solution is 11 mol L−1 HCl(aq). The cell current density of 0.5 A cm−2 and voltage of 0.7 V are the desired working conditions for a CuCl/HCl electrolyzer. The current density of 0.5 A cm−2 is assumed to occur at a 5% anolyte conversion degree. At 25°C, the activation overpotential of the anode half‐reaction is found to be 53 mV for a current density of 0.5 A cm−2 while the activation overpotential of the cathode half‐reaction for the same condition is 87 mV. An increase in working temperature decreases the overpotential of the anode half‐reaction and increases the cathode half‐reaction activation overpotential. The ohmic overpotential of the cell membrane is almost 1000 times smaller than that of the activation overpotentials of the electrode half‐reactions for the same temperature and current density. A higher working temperature results in a lower membrane ohmic overpotential. The required voltage to trigger electrolysis for a current density of 0.5 A cm−2 is found to be 0.53 V at 25°C and 0.59 V at 80°C and a higher temperature results in a higher electrochemical efficiency. The cell electrochemical efficiency increases linearly with working temperature while the voltage efficiency peaks at 75% at 60°C.

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Advances in unit operations and materials for the Cu Cl cycle of hydrogen production

Cited by 37 publications

References 45 publications

Investigations on the hydrolysis step of copper‐chlorine thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production

Investigations on the hydrolysis step of copper‐chlorine thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production

Hydrogen from solar energy, a clean energy carrier from a sustainable source of energy

Kinetic and electrochemical analyses of a CuCI/HCl electrolyzer

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