2013
DOI: 10.5194/bg-10-5183-2013
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Abstract: Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) dominates global emissions of total reactive nitrogen (Nr), while emissions from agricultural production systems contribute about two-thirds of global NH3 emissions; the remaining third emanates from oceans, natural vegetation, humans, wild animals and biomass burning. On land, NH3 emitted from the various sources eventually returns to the biosphere by dry deposition to sink areas, predominantly semi-natural vegetation, and by wet and dry de… Show more

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Cited by 139 publications
(153 citation statements)
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References 238 publications
(420 reference statements)
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“…Moreover, the spatial footprint of the satellite sounders currently available offers area-averaged measurements that are in much better correspondence with the grid cell size of current atmospheric chemistry and transport models in comparison to the point monitoring of atmospheric concentrations made at the ground (Flechard et al, 2013). First comparisons of model results with satellite measurements at global Shephard et al, 2011) and continental (Heald et al, 2012;Van Damme et al, 2014b) scales have been achieved and suggest an underestimation of the modeled concentrations.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 97%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Moreover, the spatial footprint of the satellite sounders currently available offers area-averaged measurements that are in much better correspondence with the grid cell size of current atmospheric chemistry and transport models in comparison to the point monitoring of atmospheric concentrations made at the ground (Flechard et al, 2013). First comparisons of model results with satellite measurements at global Shephard et al, 2011) and continental (Heald et al, 2012;Van Damme et al, 2014b) scales have been achieved and suggest an underestimation of the modeled concentrations.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…Progress in instrumentation, flux measurements and understanding of processes during the last decades have allowed advances in local/regional modeling (Flechard et al, 2013). For example, the development of a bi-directional parameterization of surface/atmosphere exchange of NH 3 has improved regional modeling, for which the information needed as input (e.g., emission inventories, meteorological data) are well known Bash et al, 2013).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Dissolved NH 3 in the apoplast intercellular fluid is in equilibrium with the gas phase, characterised by the ratio = NH + 4 /H + in solution (Massad et al, 2010b, a;Flechard et al, 2013). The equilibrium air concentration where no net exchange happens is the compensation point (Farquhar et al, 1983;Sutton et al, 1993).…”
Section: Amines From Living Plantsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the headspace of composting facilities high concentrations of amines, especially TMA, have been found (Maris et al, 1999;Mao et al, 2006;Tsai et al, 2008). Emission of NH 3 from senescent and decaying plant material has been described, and corresponding values have been evaluated Mattsson et al, 2009;Massad et al, 2010a;Flechard et al, 2013). To which extent a similar mechanism also leads to MA emissions in the field needs to be investigated.…”
Section: Amines From Organic Matter and Fungimentioning
confidence: 99%
“…If the compensation point is the larger of the two, NH 3 is emitted to the atmosphere, whilst if the ambient air concentration is the larger, net deposition takes place, transferring NH 3 to the surface. The state-ofthe-art modelling technique for this bidirectional behaviour is the application of a "canopy compensation point" model (Sutton et al, 1995;Burkhardt et al, 2009;Flechard et al, 2013). These models derive the net NH 3 emission flux over a canopy by taking into account the NH 3 exchange with the different sources and sinks within the canopy (e.g.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%