Advances in three-dimensional graphene-based materials: configurations, preparation and application in secondary metal (Li, Na, K, Mg, Al)-ion batteries
“…Graphene frameworks (GFs) with internal 3D networks structure have shown remarkable potential for electrochemical energy storage devices because of its large specific surface area, multidimensional continuous pathways for fast electron‐transport, macropores for high‐efficiency electrolyte penetration, and superior mechanical strength . Nevertheless, most approaches for fabricating monolithic GF require special drying techniques, such as supercritical drying or freeze drying .…”
Monolithic 3D graphene frameworks (GFs) electrode materials have exhibited the great potential for energy storage devices. However, most approaches for fabricating 3D GF require expensive and sophisticated drying techniques, and the current achieved 3D GF electrodes usually hold a relatively low mass loadings of the active materials with low areal capacity, which is not satisfactory for practical application. Herein, a convenient, economic, and scalable drying approach is developed to fabricate 3D holey GFs (HGFs) by a vacuum‐induced drying (VID) process for the first time. This binder‐free 3D HGF electrode with high mass loading can obtain extraordinary electrochemical performance for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to the 3D holey graphene network owning a highly interconnected hierarchical porous structure for fast charge and ion transport. The HGF electrode with high mass loading of 4 mg cm−2 exhibits superior rate performance and delivers an areal capacity as high as 5 mAh cm−2 under the current density of 8 mA cm−2 even after 2000 cycles, considerably outperforming those of state‐of‐the‐art commercial anodes and some representative anodes in other studies. This facile drying approach and robust realization of high areal capacity represent a critical step for 3D graphene‐based electrode materials toward practical electrochemical energy storage devices.
“…Graphene frameworks (GFs) with internal 3D networks structure have shown remarkable potential for electrochemical energy storage devices because of its large specific surface area, multidimensional continuous pathways for fast electron‐transport, macropores for high‐efficiency electrolyte penetration, and superior mechanical strength . Nevertheless, most approaches for fabricating monolithic GF require special drying techniques, such as supercritical drying or freeze drying .…”
Monolithic 3D graphene frameworks (GFs) electrode materials have exhibited the great potential for energy storage devices. However, most approaches for fabricating 3D GF require expensive and sophisticated drying techniques, and the current achieved 3D GF electrodes usually hold a relatively low mass loadings of the active materials with low areal capacity, which is not satisfactory for practical application. Herein, a convenient, economic, and scalable drying approach is developed to fabricate 3D holey GFs (HGFs) by a vacuum‐induced drying (VID) process for the first time. This binder‐free 3D HGF electrode with high mass loading can obtain extraordinary electrochemical performance for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to the 3D holey graphene network owning a highly interconnected hierarchical porous structure for fast charge and ion transport. The HGF electrode with high mass loading of 4 mg cm−2 exhibits superior rate performance and delivers an areal capacity as high as 5 mAh cm−2 under the current density of 8 mA cm−2 even after 2000 cycles, considerably outperforming those of state‐of‐the‐art commercial anodes and some representative anodes in other studies. This facile drying approach and robust realization of high areal capacity represent a critical step for 3D graphene‐based electrode materials toward practical electrochemical energy storage devices.
“…The forceful physical and chemical coactions between the highorder lithium polysulfides and SiO 2 nanoparticles can effectively suppress the "shuttle effect" of the lithium polysulfides, thus enhancing the electrochemical properties of the assembled LiÀ S batteries with the SiO 2 À F co-doped PMIA membrane. (2). The excellent liquid electrolyte absorption and retention of the 5 % SiO 2 À F co-doped PMIA separators can also facilitate the migration of lithium ions, improve the surface compatibility and shorten the electrolyte filling route or time of the LiÀ S batteries.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The constantly increasing requirement and popularity of portable electronic devices with high energy density and long cycling performance have largely spurred the research and development in high-energy storage. [1] As one of the most promising and high energy storage devices, [2] lithium-sulfur (LiÀ S) cell has caused worldwide interest due to its high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh · kg À 1 and excellent theoretical discharge capacity of 1675 mAh · g À 1 . More importantly, elemental sulfur, the main material of the cathode, is abundant, low-cost and environmentally friendly in practical application.…”
In this study, a novel double‐layer composite separator based on F‐doped poly‐m‐phenyleneisophthalamide (PMIA) and silicon dioxide (SiO2)−F co‐doped PMIA membrane is designed and prepared by electrospinning technology. The combination of F‐doped PMIA membrane and SiO2−F co‐doped PMIA membrane endows the functional separator with exceedingly high electrolyte uptake and retention, greatly prominent thermostability, and prevented shrinkage. Moreover, its strong physical inhibition and chemisorption can also confine polysulfides. Thus, the lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) batteries using the prepared membrane presented a high initial discharge capacity of 1274.8 mAh g−1 and maintained a reversible discharge capacity of 814.8 mAh g−1 with high Coulombic efficiency of 98.42 % after 600 cycles at 0.5 C. Meanwhile, the cell exhibited small interfacial resistance and excellent rate capacity. The excellent properties were attributed to high ionic conductivity offered by the large pore volume of unique 3D nanofiber network, excellent liquid electrolyte uptake of SiO2−F co‐doped PMIA membrane, and less “shuttle effect” suppressed by both the physical inhibition of polysulfides by the formed gel polymer electrolyte based on F‐doped PMIA membrane and chemical confinement of polysulfides by the addition of F and SiO2. The results indicated that the composite separator through the inexpensive, unsophisticated, and efficient preparation method can provide a good choice for high‐performance Li−S batteries.
“…In addition, progress now includes direct graphene fabrication over flexible substrates. There are numerous reviews on the CVD synthesis of graphene and they, for the most part, tend to connect a broad discussion on the synthesis of graphene, its properties and its application2–6 or they remain broad in discussing the synthesis of graphene and focus on a more specific application, for an excellent example, secondary metal ion batteries7 or graphene as a smart material 8. Other reviews may focus on a specific form of graphene such as N doped graphene9 or porous graphene 10.…”
Since the isolation of graphene and numerous demonstrations of its unique properties, the expectations for this material to be implemented in many future commercial applications have been enormous. However, to date, challenges still remain. One of the key challenges is the fabrication of graphene in a manner that satisfies processing requirements. While transfer of graphene can be used, this tends to damage or contaminate it, which degrades its performance. Hence, there is an important drive to grow graphene directly over a number of technologically important materials, viz., different substrate materials, so as to avoid the need for transfer. One of the more successful approaches to synthesis graphene is chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which is well established. Historically, transition metal substrates are used due to their catalytic properties. However, in recent years this has developed to include many nonmetal substrate systems. Moreover, both solid and molten substrate forms have also been demonstrated. In addition, the current trend to progress flexible devices has spurred interest in graphene growth directly over flexible materials surfaces. All these aspects are presented in this review which presents the developments in available substrates for graphene fabrication by CVD, with a focus primarily on large area graphene.
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