Advances in the study of CDC42 in the female reproductive system

Abstract

Cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) is a member of the Rho-GTPase family. It is 191 amino acids in length, located on chromosome 1p36.12, and it contains a molecular weight of 21.33 kDa. 1 CDC42 was first identified in budding yeast in 1997, and it plays an integral role in the regulation of cell motility, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton and in particular, microfilament-dependent cell polarity. 2-5 CDC42 is highly homologous and conserved in human and yeast, and can be hypothesized to play a fundamental role in cell biology. 6 CDC42 also plays a central role in the establishment of cell polarity. 7 The first evidence of the involvement of CDC42 in the establishment of cell polarity came from a study by Adams et al. in yeast, 8 which showed that a novel effector domain of CDC42 is involved in triggering the yeast G2/M transition and can couple the cell cycle to play a role in cytoskeletal rearrangements. 9 Later, in Drosophila oocytes, it was found that Drosophila maternal effector proteins interact with both actin through the WH2 structure and CDC42, thereby localizing GTPase to the actin cytoskeleton. 10 It is noteworthy that the multifactor-controlled 'inactivation-activation' process of CDC42 also makes it play an important role in the combined regulation of multiple genes and signalling pathway network, and the synergistic effect of multiple genes makes the process of female gametogenesis more precise. Thus, the role of CDC42 in female vertebrate gametogenesis has been gradually unveiled. In this context, the aim of this paper is to review the role played by CDC42 in controlling female gametogenesis and to summarize the related mechanisms. We will describe how CDC42 regulates female gametogenesis (including four chapters on follicular reserve and primordial follicle activation, meiosis, fertilization and embryo formation); similarly, we will briefly

Delivering umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell exosomes through hydrogel ameliorates vaginal atrophy in ovariectomized rats

“…FN1, a classical extracellular matrix component, plays a key role in regulating cell adhesion and migration [22]. CDC42, on the other hand, is instrumental in regulating cell growth and proliferation [23]. MAPK1 is implicated in diverse cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation, and development.…”

Global Analysis of Transcription Start Sites and Enhancers in Endometrial Stromal Cells and Differences Associated with Endometriosis

“…CDC42 is a member of the Rho family of small GTPases and is thought to regulate a variety of cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, cell polarity, cytoskeletal reorganization and transcription [ 60 ]. GnRH-activated CDC42 regulates FSH and LH in response to pulsatile GnRH [ 61 ], there is also evidence that CDC42 regulates ovarian reserve, follicle activation and granulosa cell function [ 62 ], suggesting that altered CDC42 regulation may be implicated in fertility issues associated with endometriosis.…”

Knockdown of CLAUDIN-6 Inhibited Apoptosis and Induced Proliferation of Bovine Cumulus Cells

“…Female mice with CCND2 deficiency were sterile because GCs could not proliferate and arrested the pre-antral follicle growth [ 36 ]. CDC42 is a kind of Rho-GTPase and regulates cell cycle, apoptosis and proliferation [ 37 ]. The up-regulated CDC42 inhibited cell apoptosis and promoted proliferation of porcine and chicken GCs [ 38 , 39 ], whereas mice lacking CDC42 in podocytes developed congenital nephropathy and died from renal failure within 2 weeks after birth [ 40 ].…”