Advances in the reconstruction of the Spider Tree of Life: a roadmap for spider systematics and comparative studies

Kulkarni, Siddharth; Wood, Hannah; Hormiga, Gustavo

doi:10.32942/x28c7j

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…Scharff et al (2020) discovered the genealogical propinquity between nephiline araneids and Paraplectanoides in a phylogenetic analysis using DNA Sanger sequencing data from five genes, namely 16S rRNA ( 16S ), 18S rRNA ( 18S ), 28S rRNA ( 28S ), cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( COI ) and histone H3 ( H3 ). This intriguing and remarkable sister group relationship has also been corroborated with phylogenetic analyses of data from six genetic markers, including the aforementioned five and 12S rRNA ( 12S ) (Kallal and Hormiga 2018, 2019), ultraconserved elements (UCEs) (Kulkarni et al 2020, 2021) and UCE sequences combined with Sanger data (Kulkarni et al 2023). Despite the robust, key phylogenetic placement of Paraplectanoides in Araneidae, recent comparative and biogeographic studies have omitted this taxon and the publicly available genomic data (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 64%

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Genitalic morphology and phylogenomic placement of the Australian spider Paraplectanoides crassipes Keyserling, 1886 (Araneae, Araneidae) with a discussion on the classification of the family Araneidae

Hormiga,

Kulkarni,

Arnedo

et al. 2023

Invertebr. Syst.

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We complement and expand the existing descriptions of the Australian araneid spider Paraplectanoides crassipes Keyserling, 1886, and provide the first detailed analysis of the male palpal homologies to include examination of the expanded organ and scanning electron micrographs of the palpal sclerites. We study the placement of Paraplectanoides and the classification of the family Araneidae by combining ultraconserved elements with Sanger markers. We also added Sanger sequences of the Australian araneid genus Venomius to the molecular dataset of Scharff et al. (2020) to explore the phylogenetic placement and implications for classification of the family. We evaluate a recent proposal on the classification of the family Araneidae by Kuntner et al. (2023) in which a new family is erected for P. crassipes. Paraplectanoides is monotypic. Examination of the type material shows that Paraplectanoides kochi O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877 is misplaced in the genus and the name is a senior synonym of the araneid Isoxya penizoides Simon, 1887 (new synonymy) that results in the new combination Isoxya kochi (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877). The classification of Araneidae is revised and the following nomenclatural acts are introduced: Paraplectanoididae Kuntner, Coddington, Agnarsson and Bond, 2023 is a junior synonym of Araneidae Clerck, 1757 new synonymy; phonognathines and nephilines are subfamilies of Araneidae (Subfamily Phonognathinae Simon, 1894 rank resurrected; and Subfamily Nephilinae Simon, 1894 rank resurrected). The results of our analyses corroborate the sister group relationship between Paraplectanoides and the araneid subfamily Nephilinae. Venomius is sister to the Nephilinae + Paraplectanoides clade. The placement of the oarcine araneids and Venomius renders the family Araneidae non-monophyletic if this were to be circumscribed as in Kuntner et al. (2023). In light of the paucity of data that the latter study presents, and in absence of a robust, stable and more densely sampled phylogenetic analysis of Araneidae, the changes and definitions introduced by that classification are premature and could lead to a large number of new families for what once were araneid species if the maximum-crown-clade family definitions were to be used. Consequently, we argue for restoring the familial and subfamilial classification of Araneidae of Dimitrov et al. (2017), Scharff et al. (2020) and Kallal et al. (2020).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Outgroup taxa were selected based on the phylogenetic hypothesis of Kulkarni et al (2023). We included additional taxa from the datasets of Fernández et al (2018), Kulkarni et al (2021, 2023) and Kallal et al (2021). Phylogenetic analyses were performed on the unpartitioned nucleotide data using IQ-TREE (ver.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genitalic morphology and phylogenomic placement of the Australian spider Paraplectanoides crassipes Keyserling, 1886 (Araneae, Araneidae) with a discussion on the classification of the family Araneidae

Hormiga,

Kulkarni,

Arnedo

et al. 2023

Invertebr. Syst.

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“…Additionally, information for Cycloctenidae is based on Kelly et al (2023) and for Arkyidae on Kulkarni et al (2023).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Information on the predation strategies of the documented spider families (Appendix 2) was taken from Nentwig (1987b). Additionally, information for Cycloctenidae is based on Kelly et al (2023) and for Arkyidae on Kulkarni et al (2023).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of spider families parasitized by fungal pathogens: a global review

Nyffeler

Hywel‐Jones²

2023

Preprint

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In this paper the findings of a global literature and social media survey of spider mycoses are presented. Our survey revealed that spider mycoses occur in the geographic belt between latitude 78° N and 52° S, and that more than 40 out of the known 132 spider families (>30%) are attacked by fungal pathogens. Jumping spiders (Salticidae), cellar spiders (Pholcidae), and sheet web spiders (Linyphiidae) are the families most frequently reported to be attacked by fungal pathogens (combined >40% of all reported cases). Ninety-two percent of the infections of spiders can be attributed to pathogens in the order Hypocreales / phylum Ascomycota (i.e., almost exclusively families Cordycipitaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae). Within the Hypocreales, the anamorph genusGibellulais an historically species-rich and widespread genus of specific spider-pathogenic fungi. For ≈70 species of spider-pathogenic fungi their hosts could be identified at least to family level. The data presented here reaffirms the findings of previous studies that spider-pathogenic fungi are most common and widespread in tropical and subtropical forested areas, with free-living cursorial hunters (especially Salticidae) being most frequently infected. Free-living cursorial hunters (especially Salticidae) and subterranean cellar spiders (Pholcidae) are the most frequently fungus-infected spiders in North America, whereas web-weavers (especially Linyphiidae and Pholcidae) are the most common spider hosts in Europe. Our survey implies that spider- pathogenic fungi are an important mortality factor of spiders which has hitherto been underestimated.

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“…We used a method similar to a Pollard walk, as visual census techniques have been shown to be effective for counting spiders with conspicuous webs (Lubin, 1978). We included all spider species that make orb webs in our survey, including those in the families Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, Uloboridae, and the disputed family Nephilidae (Kulkarni et al., 2023; Kuntner et al., 2023), which includes T. clavata and its native congener, T. clavipes . We first located and photographed an orb weaving spider.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Veni, vidi, vici? Future spread and ecological impacts of a rapidly expanding invasive predator population

Nelsen,

Corbit,

Chuang

et al. 2023

Ecology and Evolution

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Economic and ecological consequences of invasive species make biological invasions an influential driver of global change. Monitoring the spread and impacts of non‐native species is essential, but often difficult, especially during the initial stages of invasion. The Jorō spider, Trichonephila clavata (L. Koch, 1878, Araneae: Nephilidae), is a large‐bodied orb weaver native to Asia, likely introduced to northern Georgia, U.S. around 2010. We investigated the nascent invasion of T. clavata by constructing species distribution models (SDMs) from crowd‐sourced data to compare the climate T. clavata experiences in its native range to its introduced range. We found evidence that the climate of T. clavata's native range differs significantly from its introduced range. Species distribution models trained with observations from its native range predict that the most suitable habitats in North America occur north of its current introduced range. Consistent with SDM predictions, T. clavata appears to be spreading faster to the north than to the south. Lastly, we conducted surveys to investigate potential ecological impacts of T. clavata on the diversity of native orb weaving spiders. Importantly, Trichonephila clavata was the most common and abundant species observed in the survey, and was numerically dominant at half of the sites it was present in. Our models also suggest that there is lower native orb weaver species richness and diversity closer to where T. clavata was initially found and where it has been established the longest, though human population density complicates this finding. This early study is the first to forecast how widely this spider may spread in its introduced range and explore its potential ecological impacts. Our results add evidence that T. clavata is an invasive species and deserves much more ecological scrutiny.

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Advances in the reconstruction of the Spider Tree of Life: a roadmap for spider systematics and comparative studies

Cited by 6 publications

References 101 publications

Genitalic morphology and phylogenomic placement of the Australian spider Paraplectanoides crassipes Keyserling, 1886 (Araneae, Araneidae) with a discussion on the classification of the family Araneidae

Genitalic morphology and phylogenomic placement of the Australian spider Paraplectanoides crassipes Keyserling, 1886 (Araneae, Araneidae) with a discussion on the classification of the family Araneidae

Diversity of spider families parasitized by fungal pathogens: a global review

Veni, vidi, vici? Future spread and ecological impacts of a rapidly expanding invasive predator population

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