“…As indicated earlier, some of the genes involved in normal cardiogenesis include transcription factors (e.g., NKX2.5, GATA6, GATA4, HAND1, HAND2, and NFATC), which can regulate the expression of genes in a tissue specific and quantitative manner, as well as soluble factors including bone morphogenic proteins (acts as a positive facilitator of nodal induction and left-right asymmetry), transforming growth factor beta isoforms and fibroblast growth factor isoforms (may play a role in cardiac hypoplasia) [6][7][8], These genes identified in lower animals also participate in human cardiogenesis. For example, Glnl70ter, Thrl78Met, and Glnl98ter mutations in the transcription factor, NKX2.5, in humans cause atrial septal defects and conduction disease [9], while HAND genes are essential for normal cardiac and extra embryonic development and are expressed in adult heart but are downregulated in cardiomyopathies [10].…”